英语二真题阅读手译 第1页

Text1

Ⅰ ❶ Unlike so-called basic

emotionssuch as sadness,fear,and

anger,guiltemergesalittlelater,in

conjunctionwithachild?sgrowinggrasp

ofsocialand moralnorms.❷Children

aren?tbornknowinghowtosay “I?m

sorry”;rather,theylearnovertime

thatsuchstatementsappeaseparents

andfriends—andtheirownconsciences.

❸ Thisis whyresearchers generally

regardso-called moralguilt,inthe

rightamount,tobeagoodthing.

Ⅱ ❶Inthepopularimagination,of

course,guiltstillgetsabadrap.❷Itis

deeplyuncomfortable—it?stheemotional

equivalent of wearing a jacket

weighted with stones. ❸ Yet this

understandingisoutdated.❹ “There

has been a kind of revival or a

rethinking about what guiltis and

what role guilt can serve,” says

Amrisha Vaish, a psychology

researcher at the University of

Virginia,addingthatthisrevivalis

partofalargerrecognitionthatemotions

英语二真题阅读手译 第2页

aren?t binary—feelings that may be

advantageousin one context may be

harmfulin another. ❺ Jealousy and

anger,forexample,mayhaveevolved

toalertustoimportantinequalities.

❻ Too much happiness can be

destructive.

Ⅲ ❶Andguilt,bypromptingus

to think more deeply about our

goodness,canencouragehumansto

make up for errors and fix

relationships. ❷ Guilt, in other

words,can help hold acooperative

speciestogether. ❸Itisa kind of

socialglue.

Ⅳ ❶Viewedinthislight,guiltis

an opportunity. ❷ Work by Tina

Malti,apsychologyprofessoratthe

UniversityofToronto,suggeststhat

guiltmaycompensateforanemotional

deficiency.❸Inanumberofstudies,

Maltiandothershaveshownthatguilt

andsympathymayrepresentdifferent

pathwaystocooperationandsharing.

❹Somekidswhoarelowinsympathy

may make upforthatshortfallby

experiencing more guilt,which can

reinintheirnastierimpulses.❺And

vice versa: High sympathy can

substituteforlowguilt.

英语二真题阅读手译 第3页

Ⅴ ❶Ina2014study,forexample,

Maltilookedat244children.❷Using

caregiver assessments and the

children?sself-observations,sherated

eachchild?soverallsympathyleveland

hisorhertendencytofeelnegative

emotionsafter moraltransgressions.

❸ Then the kids were handed

chocolatecoins,andgivenachanceto

sharethem withananonymouschild.

❹Forthelow-sympathy kids,how

muchtheysharedappearedtoturnon

howinclinedtheyweretofeelguilty.

❺Theguilt-proneonesshared more,

even though they hadn?t magically

becomemoresympathetictotheother

child?sdeprivation.

Ⅵ ❶“That?sgoodnews,”Malti

says.❷“Wecanbeprosocialbecause

wecausedharmandwefeelregret.”

21.Researchersthinkthatguiltcanbeagoodthingbecauseitmayhelp

.

[A]regulateachild?sbasicemotions

[B]improveachild?sintellectualability

[C]intensifyachild?spositivefeelings

[D]fosterachild?smoraldevelopment

英语二真题阅读手译 第4页

22.AccordingtoParagraph2,manypeoplestillconsiderguilttobe

.

[A]deceptive

[B]addictive

[C]burdensome

[D]inexcusable

23.Vaishholdsthattherethinkingaboutguiltcomesfromanawareness

that .

[A]anemotioncanplayopposingroles

[B]emotionsaresociallyconstructive

[C]emotionalstabilitycanbenefithealth

[D]emotionsarecontext-independent

24.Maltiandothershaveshownthatcooperationandsharing .

[A]mayhelpcorrectemotionaldeficiencies

[B]canbringaboutemotionalsatisfaction

[C]canresultfromeithersympathyorguilt

[D]maybetheoutcomeofimpulsiveacts

英语二真题阅读手译 第5页

25.Theword“transgressions”(Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto .

[A]wrongdoings

[B]discussions

[C]restrictions

[D]teachings

英语二真题阅读手译 第6页

Text2

Ⅰ ❶Forestsgiveusshade,quiet

andoneoftheharderchallengesinthe

fightagainstclimatechange.❷Even

aswehumanscountonforeststosoak

upagoodshareofthecarbondioxide

weproduce,wearethreateningtheir

abilitytodoso.❸Theclimatechange

wearehasteningcouldonedayleave

uswithforeststhatemitmorecarbon

thantheyabsorb.

Ⅱ ❶Thankfully,thereisaway

out of this trap—but it involves

strikingasubtlebalance.❷ Helping

forestsflourish as valuable “carbon

sinks”longintothefuturemayrequire

reducing their capacity to absorb

carbonnow. ❸ Californiaisleading

theway,asitdoesonsomanyclimate

efforts,infiguringoutthedetails.

Ⅲ ❶Thestate?sproposedForest

CarbonPlanaimstodoubleeffortsto

thinoutyoungtreesandclearbrushin

parts of the forest. ❷ This

temporarily lowers carbon-carrying

capacity.❸Buttheremainingtrees

drawagreatershareoftheavailable

moisture,sotheygrow andthrive,

restoringtheforest?scapacitytopull

carbonfromtheair.❹Healthytrees

英语二真题阅读手译 第7页

arealsobetterabletofendoffinsects.

❺Thelandscapeisrenderedlesseasily

burnable.❻Evenintheeventofa

fire,fewertreesareconsumed.

Ⅳ ❶Theneedforsuchplanning

isincreasingly urgent. ❷ Already,

since2010,droughtandinsectshave

killed over 100 million trees in

California, most of them in 2016

alone, and wildfires have burned

hundredsofthousandsofacres.

Ⅴ ❶ Californiaplanstotreat

35,000acresofforestayearby2020,

and60,000 by2030—financedfrom

theproceedsofthestate?semissionspermit auctions. ❷ That?s only a

smallshareofthetotalacreagethat

could benefit,about half a million

acresin all,soit willbe vitalto

prioritizeareasatgreatestriskoffire

ordrought.

Ⅵ ❶Thestrategyalsoaimsto

ensurethatcarboninwoody material

removedfrom theforestsislocked

awayintheform ofsolidlumberor

burned as biofuelin vehicles that

wouldotherwiserunonfossilfuels.

❷ New research on transportation

biofuelsisalreadyunderway.

英语二真题阅读手译 第8页

Ⅶ ❶Stategovernmentsarewell

accustomedto managingforests,but

traditionally they?ve focused on

wildlife,watershedsandopportunities

forrecreation.❷ Onlyrecentlyhave

theycometoseethevitalpartforests

willhavetoplayinstoringcarbon.

❸California?splan,whichisexpected

tobefinalizedbythegovernornext

year,shouldserveasamodel.

26.Bysaying “oneoftheharderchallenges,”theauthorimpliesthat

.

[A]forestsmaybecomeapotentialthreat

[B]peoplemaymisunderstandglobalwarming

[C]extremeweatherconditionsmayarise

[D]globalclimatechangemaygetoutofcontrol

27.To maintainforestsasvaluable “carbonsinks,”we mayneedto

.

[A]lowertheirpresentcarbon-absorbingcapacity

[B]acceleratethegrowthofyoungtrees

英语二真题阅读手译 第9页

[C]strikeabalanceamongdifferentplants

[D]preservethediversityofspeciesinthem

28.California?sForestCarbonPlanendeavorsto .

[A]cultivatemoredrought-resistanttrees

[B]findmoreeffectivewaystokillinsects

[C]reducethedensityofsomeofitsforests

[D]restoreitsforestsquicklyafterwildfires

29.WhatisessentialtoCalifornia?splanaccordingtoParagraph5?

[A]Tocarryitoutbeforetheyearof2020.

[B]Tohandletheareasinseriousdangerfirst.

[C]Toperfecttheemissions-permitauctions.

[D]Toobtainenoughfinancialsupport.

英语二真题阅读手译 第10页

30.Theauthor?sattitudetoCalifornia?splancanbestbedescribedas

.

[A]ambiguous

[B]tolerant

[C]cautious

[D]supportive

英语二真题阅读手译 第11页

Text3

Ⅰ ❶Americanfarmershavebeen

complaining of labor shortages for

severalyears.❷Thecomplaintsare

unlikelytostopwithoutanoverhaulof

immigrationrulesforfarm workers.

Ⅱ ❶ Congress has obstructed

effortstocreateamorestraightforward

visaforagriculturalworkersthatwould

letforeignworkersstaylongerinthe

U.S.and changejobs within the

industry.❷Ifthis doesn?tchange,

American businesses,communities,

andconsumerswillbethelosers.

Ⅲ ❶PerhapshalfofU.S.farm

laborersareundocumentedimmigrants.

❷ Asfewersuch workersenterthe

country,the characteristics of the

agriculturalworkforcearechanging.

❸Today?sfarmlaborers,whilestill

predominantly born in Mexico,are

morelikelytobesettledratherthan

migrating and more likely to be

marriedthansingle.❹ They?realso

aging.❺Atthestartofthiscentury,

aboutone-thirdofcropworkerswere

overtheageof35.❻Now morethan

halfare.❼Andpickingcropsishard

onolderbodies. ❽ Oneoft-debated

cureforthislaborshortageremainsas

英语二真题阅读手译 第12页

implausible asit?s been all along:

NativeU.S.workerswon?tbereturning

tothefarm.

Ⅳ ❶ Mechanizationisn?tthe

answer,either—notyet,atleast.

❷Productionofcorn,cotton,rice,

soybeans,andwheathasbeenlargely

mechanized, but many high-value,

labor-intensive crops, such as

strawberries, need labor. ❸ Even

dairyfarms,whererobotsdoasmall

shareofmilking,havealongwayto

gobeforethey?reautomated.

Ⅴ ❶Asaresult,farmshavegrown

increasinglyreliantontemporaryguest

workersusingtheH-2Avisatofillthe

gapsin the workforce. ❷ Starting

around2012,requestsforthevisas

rosesharply;from 2011to2016the

number of visasissued more than

doubled.

Ⅵ ❶ The H-2A visa has no

numericalcap,unlikethe H-2Bvisa

for nonagricultural work, which is

limitedto66,000ayear.❷Evenso,

employerscomplaintheyaren?tgiven

allthe workersthey need. ❸ The

processis cumbersome,expensive,

andunreliable.❹ Onesurveyfound

that bureaucratic delays led the

英语二真题阅读手译 第13页

averageH-2A workertoarriveonthe

job22dayslate.❺Theshortageis

compounded by federalimmigration

raids,which remove some workers

anddriveothersunderground.

Ⅶ ❶Ina2012survey,71percent

oftree-fruitgrowersand almost80

percentofraisin and berry growers

saidtheywereshortoflabor.❷Some

western farmers haveresponded by

movingoperationstoMexico.❸From

1998to2000,14.5percentofthefruit

Americansconsumed wasimported.

❹Littlemorethanadecadelater,the

shareofimportswas25.8percent.

Ⅷ ❶Ineffect,the U.S.can

importfood or it can import the

workerswhopickit.

31. What problem should be addressed according to thefirsttwo

paragraphs?

[A]DiscriminationagainstforeignworkersintheU.S.

[B]BiasedlawsinfavorofsomeAmericanbusinesses.

[C]FlawsinU.S.immigrationrulesforfarm workers.

[D]DeclineofjobopportunitiesinU.S.agriculture.

英语二真题阅读手译 第14页

32.OnetroublewithU.S.agriculturalworkforceis .

[A]therisingnumberofillegalimmigrants

[B]thehighmobilityofcropworkers

[C]thelackofexperiencedlaborers

[D]theagingofimmigrantfarm workers

33.Whatisthe much-arguedsolutiontothelaborshortagein U.S.

farming?

[A]Toattractyoungerlaborerstofarm work.

[B]TogetnativeU.S.workersbacktofarming.

[C]Tousemorerobotstogrowhigh-valuecrops.

[D]Tostrengthenfinancialsupportforfarmers.

34.AgriculturalemployerscomplainabouttheH-2Avisaforits .

[A]slowgrantingprocedures

[B]limitondurationofstay

[C]tightenedrequirements

[D]controlofannualadmissions

英语二真题阅读手译 第15页

35.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthistext?

[A]U.S.AgricultureinDecline?

[B]ImportFoodorLabor?

[C]AmericaSavedbyMexico?

[D]Manpowervs.Automation?

英语二真题阅读手译 第16页

Text4

Ⅰ ❶ Arnold Schwarzenegger,

Dia Mirzaand AdrianGrenierhavea

messagefor you:It?seasyto beat

plastic.❷They?repartofabunchof

celebritiesstarringinanewvideofor

WorldEnvironmentDay—encouraging

you,theconsumer,toswapoutyour

single-use plastic staplesto combat

theplasticscrisis.

Ⅱ ❶Thekeymessagesthathave

been put together for World

EnvironmentDaydoincludeacallfor

governments to enactlegislation to

curb single-use plastics. ❷ Butthe

overarching message is directed at

individuals.

Ⅲ ❶Myconcernwithleavingit

uptotheindividual,however,isour

limited sense of what needs to be

achieved.❷Ontheirown,takingour

own bags to the grocery store or

quittingplasticstraws,forexample,

willaccomplishlittleandrequirevery

littleofus. ❸ Theycould even be

harmful,satisfying a need to have

“done our bit” without ever

progressingontobigger,bolder,more

effective actions—a kind of “moral

licensing”thateasesourconcernsand

英语二真题阅读手译 第17页

stopsusdoing moreandasking more

ofthoseincharge.

Ⅳ ❶ While the conversation

around our environment and our

responsibility toward it remains

centered on shopping bags and

straws,we?reignoringthebalanceof

powerthatimpliesthatas“consumers”

wemustshopsustainably,ratherthanas

“citizens”hold our governments and

industriestoaccountto pushforreal

systemicchange.

Ⅴ ❶It?simportanttoacknowledge

thatthe environmentisn?t everyone?s

priority—oreven mostpeople?s.❷ We

shouldn?texpectittobe.❸In her

latestbook,Why Good People Do

Bad Environmental Things,Elizabeth

R.DeSombrearguesthatthebestway

tocollectivelychangethebehaviorof

large numbers of peopleisforthe

changetobestructural.

Ⅵ ❶Thismightmeanimplementing

policysuchasaplastictaxthataddsa

costto environmentally problematic

action,orbanningsingle-useplastics

altogether.❷Indiahasjustannounced

itwill“eliminateallsingle-useplastic

inthecountryby2022.”❸Thereare

alsoincentive-based waysof making

英语二真题阅读手译 第18页

betterenvironmentalchoices easier,

suchasensuringrecyclingisatleast

aseasyastrashdisposal.

Ⅶ ❶DeSombreisn?tsayingpeople

should stop caring about the

environment.❷It?sjustthatindividual

actionsaretooslow,shesays,for

thattobetheonly,orevenprimary,

approach to changing widespread

behavior.

Ⅷ ❶Noneofthisisaboutwriting

offtheindividual.❷It?sjustabout

puttingthingsintoperspective.❸We

don?thavetimeto wait.❹ Weneed

progressive policies that shape

collective action,alongside engaged

citizenspushingforchange.

36.Somecelebritiesstarinanewvideoto .

[A]demandnewlawsontheuseofplastics

[B]urgeconsumerstocuttheuseofplastics

[C]invitepublicopinionontheplasticscrisis

[D]disclosethecausesoftheplasticscrisis

英语二真题阅读手译 第19页

37.Theauthorisconcernedthat“morallicensing”may .

[A]misleadusintodoingworthlessthings

[B]preventusfrom makingfurtherefforts

[C]weakenoursenseofaccomplishment

[D]suppressourdesireforsuccess

38.Bypointingoutouridentityas“citizens,”theauthorindicatesthat

.

[A]ourfocusshouldbeshiftedtocommunitywelfare

[B]ourrelationshipwithlocalindustriesisimproving

[C]wehavebeenactivelyexercisingourcivilrights

[D]weshouldpressourgovernmentstoleadthecombat

39.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwayforacollectivechangeshouldbe

.

[A]awin-winarrangement

[B]aself-drivenmechanism

[C]acost-effectiveapproach

[D]atop-downprocess

英语二真题阅读手译 第20页

40.Theauthorconcludesthatindividualefforts .

[A]canbetooaggressive

[B]canbetooinconsistent

[C]arefarfromsufficient

[D]arefarfromrational

英语二真题阅读手译 第21页

2019年阅读单词总结

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英语二真题阅读手译 第22页

2019年阅读单词总结

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