二、病因
现代社会肥胖的病因可以用一个生物-社会-心理框架来解释:生物个体的易感性,社会经济的驱动以及环境
因素共同作用,导致脂肪的过度沉积及增生,并且对肥胖管理产生不利影响。
(1) 环境及行为习惯
过去的几十年当中,不断增长的肥胖患病率提示,环境对于肥胖的发生具有显著影响。这些环境因素涉及
家庭、学校、当地政府等各个层面,并且个人的行为习惯也会导致肥胖的发生5。(图1)
(2) 生命早期因素
生命早期的诸多因素都会导致肥胖的发生。这些因素包括母亲怀孕前的肥胖、孕期体重增加过多以及妊娠
期糖尿病,这些均会导致胎儿出生体重过大6。婴幼儿的喂养习惯也会对儿童期肥胖产生影响,例如进食早
餐会对预防儿童肥胖起到积极作用。此外,根据幼儿表达的饥饿或饱腹感来进行喂食会减少超重及肥胖的
发生。其他生命早期因素还包括母亲孕期吸烟,二手烟的暴露以及空气污染,抗生素的使用等。作者注意
到,童年时期负面的经历例如被虐待,家庭不和睦以及照顾不周等都与儿童及青少年肥胖相关。
Public policy
Society
Community and built environment
Family and peers
Individual
Child care and school
Local, state, national and regional policies on
and investment in:
• agriculture
• food (eg, costs and availability)
• transport
• food marketing
• food trade
• media influence • Safe recreation spaces
• Walkable neighbourhoods*
• Safe and accessible public transport
• Availability of healthy and affordable
foods in local markets
• Fast food restaurants
• Food marketing exposure
• Accessible primary health care
• Family socioeconomic position and structure
(eg, single parent, multigenerational)
• Family food security
• Family modelling of, and preferences for,
healthy eating, active recreation, screen
behaviours, and sleep
• Parental weight status
• Family feeding and parenting practices
• Peer support for healthy lifestyles
• Family psychosocial stress
• Weight stigma or bullying
• Media influences on food marketing
• Media portrayals of weight and beauty and
perpetuation of weight stigma
• Cultural norms around weight status, food,
physical activity, and screen behaviours
• Race and ethnicity, including culturally
diverse sub-groups, and First Nations
peoples
• School and child care food and physical
activity environments
• Family engagement in school and care
programmes
• Weight stigma or bullying
• Non-modifiable biology (eg, age, genes, sex)
• Race or ethnicity
• Early life risk or resilience factors (eg,
birthweight, infant feeding, early life events)
• Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs with regard
to weight-related behaviours
• Self-efficacy, body image, psychosocial
health
图1:导致儿童及青少年肥胖的个人及环境因素的社会经济模型
诺和诺德医学资讯 / 学术前沿 / 2022年度荟萃
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