小动物临床前沿(神经学专刊 - 上册)· 癫痫与运动障碍指南
Guidlines of Epilepsy and Dyskinesia
New Frontier of Veterinary Medicine
2022 SEP | 总第 12 期
- 63 -
1
试图将用来描述人类运动障碍的术语应用到非灵
长类动物身上可能会有问题。四肢灵活的四足动物与
上肢灵活的两足动物在神经系统的组织和肢体的功能
上有很大的不同。虽然使用相同的术语有助于比较兽
医疾病和人类疾病,但在某些情况下,这些术语可能
不合适。本节将回顾人类术语与兽医术语的比较,并
讨论不同方法的优缺点。具体的术语定义见表1。
广义地说,运动障碍可分为两类:运动技能亢进
性障碍和运动机能减退性障碍。前者被进一步细分为
以非自主主动运动( 运动障碍 dyskinesia )和持续的肌
肉收缩( 肌张力障碍 dystonia )为特征的障碍,但不损
害意识。这些过度的运动可能是不正常的,正常的,
或两者兼而有之。运动障碍 dyskinesia,这个术语是
用来描述动物的自限性的、阵发性的、不自主的运
动。对于动物来说的困难之一是确定一种运动是不自
主的,还是一种异常的自主运动,如运动范围过度
hypermetria。通常,仔细观察病患或视频可以确定
是否动物是否可以控制运动,尽管一些非自主的运动
可以与自主运动同时出现以允许动物忽视非自主成分
来达到正常功能 ( 例如,软毛麦色梗,伴有cPxD,即
使四肢不自主运动但仍可以行走)。将运动障碍和机
械重复区分开来是很有用的,运动障碍的运动是零碎
的、随机的,机械重复的动物参与了复杂的重复性运
动,如“老鼠突袭,mouse-pouncing”或一些转圈行
为,这些行为是有组织的,但是重复的,并不是为了
实现目标。
人类运动障碍进一步被描述为手足徐动症、舞蹈
病或颤搐/投掷症,尽管这些疾病之间往往有相当多
的重叠。所有的动作都是拥有特征性的碎片化的动
作,从一个动作持续流向下一个动作,尽管它们可以
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31. European Medicines agency http://www.ema.europa.eu作者资料
1.Department of Small Animal Medicine and
Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke
9820, Belgium. 2.Animal Health Trust, Lanwades
Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU Suffolk, United
Kingdom. 3.Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607,
USA. 4.Vet Extra Neurology, Broadleys Veterinary
Hospital, Craig Leith Road, Stirling FK7 7LEStirlingshire, United Kingdom. 5.Department of Small
Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany. 6.Department of Veterinary and
Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg
C, Denmark. 7.Fernside Veterinary Centre, 205 Shenley Road, Borehamwood, SG9 0TH Hertfordshire,
United Kingdom. 8.Clinical Veterinary Medicine,
Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Veterinärstr. 13,
80539 Munich, Germany. 9.University of Melbourne,
250 Princes Highway, Weibee 3015VIC, Australia.
10.Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and
Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
11.Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion
Animals, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3583 CM
Utrecht, The Netherlands. 12.Section of Clinical &
Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical
Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany. 13.Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210
Vienna, Austria. 14.University of Minnesota College
of Veterinary Medicine, D426 Veterinary Medical
Center, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
15.College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602,
USA. 16.Chicago Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3123 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago, IL
60618, USA. 17.Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539 Munich, Germany. 18.Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ Surrey,
United Kingdom. 19.School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey,
Guildford, GU2 7TE Surrey, United Kingdom. 20.Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary
College, Hatfield AL9 7TAHertfordshire, UK.
投稿日期:2015.06.04 录用日期:2015.06.29
出版日期:2015.08.28
/ema/ index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/veterinary/medicines/002543/ vet_med_000268.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058008d7a8
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在正常运动之间阵发性发生。由于动物与人类在运
动控制组织和肢体运动自由度方面的差异,动物无
法进行复杂的远端肢体复杂运动,符合人类手足徐
动症和舞蹈病描述的运动在动物中并不常见。在犬
阵发性运动障碍 cPxD中所见的肢体运动更适合于颤
搐 ballism 的范畴,因为它们更多的是肢体的不规则
弯曲和伸展运动。
在动物物种中识别已知导致人类舞蹈手足徐动
症 choreoathetosis 的基因突变,可能有助于分清不
同物种运动之间的差异和相似之处。同时,该委员
会建议避免使用手足徐动症、舞蹈症和颤搐等术
语,简单地将该疾病定义为运动障碍,并对其运动
进行描述(详见本共识声明的后面部分)。
张力障碍运动也可能是 cPxD 的一个组成部分。
肌张力障碍在人类医学中被定义为持续不自主的肌
肉收缩产生异常姿势或扭转运动。从生理学上来说,
这是主动肌和拮抗肌的特征性共同收缩,从起始处
蔓延到无关肌 extraneous muscle。为了证明这一特
征,需要在发作期间进行肌电图(EMG)记录。
在动物身上描述的肌张力障碍运动包括,四肢的
屈曲,例如 犬癫痫样痉挛综合征canine-epileptoid
cramping-syndrome或 奇努克运动障碍 Chinook
dyskinesia,或其他姿势,例如骑士查理王小猎犬的“
逐鹿 deer stalking”(视频 S1)。肌张力障碍 dystonia
这个术语应该用来描述非自主的姿势,并结合详细的
姿势描述。肌张力障碍需要与痉挛 spasticity 区分,
因为肌张力障碍是由于失去上运动神经元抑制,肌肉
痉挛是由于下运动神经元异常活跃,或者是由于疼痛
而导致姿势异常。
人类医学中的运动功能减退,其特征是缓慢和缺
乏自主运动。典型的运动功能减退疾病是帕金森氏症
Parkinson's disease) 和相关疾病,如多系统萎缩症
multiple system atrophy。虽然 运动迟缓 bradykinesia 这个术语是用来描述这些疾病中的运动,但运动
的特征不是一个“慢动作”的运动。
相反,运动的开始有一定的延迟,而且很难进行
快 速、重 复 的 动 作。这 种 震 颤 麻 痹 / 帕 金 森 症
parkinsonism 在兽医中最特征是凯利蓝梗犬 Kerry
Blue terriers 和中国冠毛犬 Chinese Crested 的遗传性
多系统退化 hereditary multiple system degeneration
。在疾病的最后阶段,患犬可能会明显地试图移动,但
不能发起运动。它们采取了一种 脊柱背凸 kyphotic
的姿势,重心位于前肢上,类似于帕金森氏病的弯腰
驼背姿势(hunched posture)。
它们还证明了人类帕金森综合症的姿势不稳定特
征,即当他们失去平衡和频繁摔倒时。当仍然能够行
走时,他们可能会表现出 慌张步态 festinating gait ,
特征为步履艰难地开始迈步,然后最终开始移动时,
会表现出快速的小步。
在人类医学中, 震颤麻痹 / 帕金森症 parkinsonism 这一术语被用来描述在其他疾病情况下与帕金森
综合症相关的症状,比如 多系统萎缩症 multiple
system atrophy 。值得注意的是,作为帕金森氏症特
征的 静止性震颤 resting tremor ,只在帕金森氏症的
灵长类动物模型中出现,而不会在任何四足动物物种
中出现。