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2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语 (一)

(科目代码:201)

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2021年英语(一)试题 第1页(共14页)

SectionI UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodo withshort-term

memoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolve

newproblems.It 1 inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,and

then 2 startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But 3 agingisinevitable,

scientistsarefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.

Onestudyfoundthat musclelossandthe 4 ofbodyfataroundthe

abdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe 5

thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor 6 thistypeofdecline.

Theresearcherslookedatdatathat 7 measurementsoflean muscleand

abdominalfatfrom morethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand 8

thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfound

thatmiddle-agedpeople 9 highermeasuresofabdominalfat 10 worseon

measuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears 11 .

Forwomen,theassociation maybe 12 tochangesinimmunitythat

resultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappearto

be 13 .Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould 14 thesedifferencesand

perhapsleadtodifferent 15 formenandwomen.

16 ,therearestepsyoucan 17 tohelpreduceabdominalfatand

maintainlean musclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicaland

mental 18 .Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintaining

orincreasingyour 19 ofaerobicexerciseandfollowinga Mediterranean-style

20 thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.

2021年英语(一)试题 第2页(共14页)

1.[A]pauses [B]returns [C]peaks [D]fades

2.[A]alternatively [B]formally [C]accidentally [D]generally

3.[A]while [B]since [C]once [D]until

4.[A]detection [B]accumulation [C]consumption [D]separation

5.[A]possibility [B]decision [C]goal [D]requirement

6.[A]delay [B]ensure [C]seek [D]utilize

7.[A]modified [B]supported [C]included [D]predicted

8.[A]devoted [B]compared [C]converted [D]applied

9.[A]with [B]above [C]by [D]against

10.[A]lived [B]managed [C]scored [D]played

11.[A]ranout [B]setoff [C]drewin [D]wentby

12.[A]superior [B]attributable [C]parallel [D]resistant

13.[A]restored [B]isolated [C]involved [D]controlled

14.[A]alter [B]spread [C]remove [D]explain

15.[A]compensations [B]symptoms [C]demands [D]treatments

16.[A]Likewise [B]Meanwhile [C]Therefore [D]Instead

17.[A]change [B]watch [C]count [D]take

18.[A]wellbeing [B]process [C]formation [D]coordination

19.[A]level [B]love [C]knowledge [D]space

20.[A]design [B]routine [C]diet [D]prescription

SectionII ReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,

B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

2021年英语(一)试题 第3页(共14页)

Text1

HowcanBritain?strainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorail

passengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythe

costoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewho

havenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear?s

rise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear?s,butitis

stillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthe

costofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouse

it,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-driving

pensionerfrom Lincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbroker

fromSurrey? Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouth

East,manyofwhom willfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoo much

attentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureof

theMidlandsandtheNorth.

However,overthepast12 months,thosecommutershavealsoexperienced

someoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpeting

theimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeableto

expectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenow payingto

travel.Theresponsibilityforthelatest waveofstrikesrestsonthe unions.

However,thereisastrongcasethatthose who havebeen worstaffected by

industrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservice

requirementsothat,even whenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.

Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-running

problemsonBritain?srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengers

willnotbe willingtopay moreindefinitelyifthey mustalsoendurecramped,

unreliableservices,interruptedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,or

plannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmay

havebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedanger

ofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

2021年英语(一)试题 第4页(共14页)

21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear?sincreaseinrailpassengerfares

[A]willeasetrainoperators?burden.

[B]haskeptpacewithinflation.

[C]isabigsurprisetocommuters.

[D]remainsanunreasonablemeasure.

22.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor

[A]cardrivers.

[B]railtravellers

[C]localinvestors.

[D]ordinarytaxpayers.

23.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators

[A]areofferingcompensationtocommuters.

[B]aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.

[C]havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.

[D]havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.

24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface

[A]thelossofinvestment.

[B]thecollapseofoperations.

[C]areductionofrevenue.

[D]achangeofownership.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

[B]ConstantComplainingDoesn?tWork

[C]CanNationalisationBringHope?

[D]Ever-risingFaresAren?tSustainable

2021年英语(一)试题 第5页(共14页)

Text2

Lastyear markedthethird yearin arow thatIndonesia?sbleakrateof

deforestationhasslowedin pace.Onereasonfortheturnaround may bethe

country?santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorest

residentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolor

getregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocial

assistanceprogramsare designedtoreduceinequality and breakthecycle of

poverty.They?realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,the

program hasprovidedenoughfoodand medicinetosubstantiallyreducesevere

growthproblemsamongchildren.

ButCCT programsdon?tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.In

fact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflicting

goals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

That?s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental

degradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreater

poverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon?tprovecauseandeffect.Theonly

previousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareain Mexicothathadinstituted

CCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someof

them mayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.

Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.

Ferraro wantedtoseeifIndonesia?spoverty-alleviation program wasaffecting

deforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldand

oneofthehighestdeforestationrates.

Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—

includingduringIndonesia?sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forested

villagesacross15provinces.“Weseethattheprogramisassociated witha30

percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays.

That?slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurance

policiesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,

peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.Withthe

CCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.

Whetherthis research translates elsewhereis anybody?s guess.Ferraro

suggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuch

asthe importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of

transferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat?sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodfor

theenvironment.Evenifthisprogram didn?treducepoverty,Ferrarosays,“the

valueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismore

thantheprogramcosts.”

2021年英语(一)试题 第6页(共14页)

26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto

[A]facilitatehealthcarereform.

[B]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.

[C]improvelocaleducationsystems.

[D]lowerdeforestationrates.

27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat

[A]cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor.

[B]CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.

[C]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.

[D]economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.

28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout

[A]itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.

[B]itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.

[C]therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss.

[D]theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.

29.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat

[A]itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.

[B]itwillreduceregionalinequality.

[C]itcanprotecttheenvironment.

[D]itcanboostgrainproduction.

30.Whatisthetextcenteredon?

[A]Theeffectsofaprogram.

[B]Thedebatesoveraprogram.

[C]Theprocessofastudy.

[D]Thetransferabilityofastudy.

2021年英语(一)试题 第7页(共14页)

Text3

Asahistorianwho?salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesus

re-evaluatethepast,I?vebecomepreoccupied withlookingforphotographsthat

showourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19thcenturyprudery?).I?vefoundquiteafew,and—sinceIstartedpostingthem on

Twitter—theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.Peoplehavebeensurprisedtosee

evidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.Theyarenotingthat

theVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyears

thatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.

Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof“SmilingVictorians”makes

uponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreated

between1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyand

stifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.

Howdoweexplainthistrend?

Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimes

werenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimage

onasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultingin

blurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtof

holdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoo muchto

contemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.

Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionof

theBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday?s

digitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswere

relativelyeasyto capture bythe 1890s,so we mustlook elsewhereforan

explanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.

Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.

“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,”ranonepopular Victoriansaying,

alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereoftenina

shockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular “pearly

whites”wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich (and

eventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).

Atoothygrin (especially whenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lacked

class:drunks,trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmile

aswideasLewisCarroll?sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecoming

lookforproperlybredpersons.Even MarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedahearty

laugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe “nothing

moredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever”.

2021年英语(一)试题 第8页(共14页)

31.AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor?spostsonTwitter

[A]changedpeople?simpressionoftheVictorians.

[B]highlightedsocialmedia?sroleinVictorianstudies.

[C]re-evaluatedtheVictorian?snotionofpublicimage.

[D]illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.

32.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?

[A]Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.

[B]Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.

[C]Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.

[D]Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.

33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?

[A]Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.

[B]Theirtensionbeforethecamera.

[C]Theirdistrustofnewinventions.

[D]Theirunhealthydentalcondition.

34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas

[A]adeep-rootedbelief.

[B]amisguidedattitude.

[C]acontroversialview.

[D]athought-provokingidea.

35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?

[A]WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?

[B]WhendidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographsdifferently?

[C]WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?

[D]Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?

2021年英语(一)试题 第9页(共14页)

Text4

Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersand web-based

companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband

connectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliated websitesovertheir

rivals?.That?s whytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwould

preventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthe

freedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.

Yetthatdemand has been almostimpossibletofill—in part because of

pushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.

AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadly

neededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.Atissuebeforethe USCourtof

AppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederal

CommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevote

in2017.TheRepublicanpennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutrality

rulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejected

thecommission?sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.

The order also declared that state and local governments couldn?t regulate

broadbandproviderseither.

Thecommission argued that other agencies would protect against anticompetitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelike AT&T

favoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.

YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddata

capsontheirrivals?streamingservicesbutnottheirown.

On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order

deregulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom 2005that

upheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedina

concurringopinionthat “theresultis unhingedfrom therealities of modern

broadbandservice,”andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto

“avoidtrappinginternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism.”

Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC?sattempttoblockallstaterules

onnetneutrality,whilepreservingthecommission?spowertopreemptindividual

statelawsthatundermineitsorder.Thatmeans morebattlesliketheonenow

goingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnet

neutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC?sabdication.

Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongressto

act.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobar

broadbandprovidersfrom meddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreate

clearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.

2021年英语(一)试题 第10页(共14页)

36.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandproviderswould

[A]bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol.

[B]slowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork.

[C]showpartialityintreatingclients.

[D]intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals.

37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC

[A]stickstoanout-of-dateorder.

[B]takesananti-regulatorystance.

[C]hasissuedaspecialresolution.

[D]hasallowedthestatestointervene.

38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?

[A]Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.

[B]Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.

[C]ItisundertheFCC?sinvestigation.

[D]Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.

39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt?sdecision

[A]focusesontrivialities.

[B]conveysanambiguousmessage.

[C]isatoddswithitsearlierrulings.

[D]isoutoftouchwithreality.

40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?

[A]Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.

[B]TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.

[C]Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.

[D]Broadbandproviders?rightsshouldbeprotected.

2021年英语(一)试题 第11页(共14页)

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,

choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumbered

blanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.Mark

youranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepicted

assomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.Whenitcomesto AIin

business,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossof

jobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon?t

involvedoom-and-gloom massunemploymentpredictions?

ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancy

ServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computer

activitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Hereareafew waysAIisaiding

companieswithoutreplacingemployees:

Betterhiringpractices

Companiesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbias

fromhiringdecisions.“Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsof

interviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,”saysPedroDomingos,authorof

The Master Algorithm:How the Questforthe Ultimate Learning Machine Will

RemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessorattheUniversityofWashington.In

addition,“41. ” Onecompanythat?s doingthisiscalled

Blendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.

Moreeffectivemarketing

SomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinesto

increaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecan

outperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.This

canmean millionsmoreinrevenue.42. Theseare“tools

thathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,”saysPatrickH.Winston,

aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.

Savingcustomersmoney

EnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,

savingthem moneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimize

theirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,

2021年英语(一)试题 第12页(共14页)

meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumson AI modelsthat moreaccuratelyassess

risk.Domingossays,“43. ”

Improvedaccuracy

“Machinelearningoftenprovidesa morereliableform ofstatistics,which

makesdata more valuable,”says Winston.It “helps people make smarter

decisions.”44.

Protectingandmaintaininginfrastructure

Anumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,use AI

imageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailure

orleaksbeforetheyhappen.“Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it?svery

expensive,”saysDomingos.“45. ”

[A]AIreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou?redoingresearch,youcanhave

AIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujust

wouldn?thavetimefor.

[B]Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesan AIsystem thathelpsreview contracts

duringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,

isfasterandmoreaccurate.

[C]TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformance

across multiple channelslike Adwords,Bing and social media and makes

adjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.

[D]Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit?s

usefulforemployeestogoto.

[E]Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethem

toomuch,orthey wouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcostthe

companymoney.

[F]We?realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephoneto

accomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.

[G]AIlooksatrésumésingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,and

selectsthemorepromisingcandidates.

2021年英语(一)试题 第13页(共14页)

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

WorldWarⅡ wasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernWestern

societies.(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthat

hadbeenroughlyconstantat3%—5% oftherelevantagegroupsduringthe

decadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarising

outofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropean

andAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswith morethana

secondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesfor

entrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthought

ofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapid

expansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddeveloping

veryrapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.

Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferent

ways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirst

therateofgrowth:(48)in manycountriesof WesternEurope,thenumbersof

studentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sand

doubledagaininseven,eight,or10yearsbythe middleofthe1970s.Second,

growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual

institutions.Andthird,growthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionofthe

relevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.

Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinits

wake.Forexample,a high growthrate placed greatstrainsontheexisting

structuresofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallofsocialization.Whena

facultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,say,fiveto20 memberswithinthreeorfour

years,(49)andwhenthenewstaffarepredominantlyyoungmenandwomenfresh

frompostgraduatestudy,theylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthat

faculty.Andifthepostgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereis

lossofacloseapprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,

thestudentculture becomesthe chiefsocializing forcefor new postgraduate

students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the

institution—thiswasseeninAmericaaswellasinFrance,Italy,WestGermany,

andJapan.(50)Highgrowthratesincreasedthechancesforacademicinnovation;

theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocessesby whichteachersandstudentsare

admittedintoacommunityofscholarsduringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.In

the1960sand1970s,Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchangesintheirgovernance

arrangements,withtheempowermentofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeof

studentsaswell.

2021年英语(一)试题 第14页(共14页)

SectionIII Writing

PartA

51.Directions:

Aforeignfriendofyourshasrecentlygraduatedfromcollegeandintendsto

findajobinChina.Writehim/herane-mailtomakesomesuggestions.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotuseyourownnameintheemail;use“LiMing”instead.(10points)

PartB

52.Directions:

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyouressay,

youshould

1)describethepicturesbriefly,

2)interprettheimpliedmeaning,and

3)giveyourcomments.

WriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)