www.globalmayorsforum.org
对话全球市长
第 01 期 · 月刊
2 0 1 4
2014 · The First Monthly
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS
Recognise and build on the distinctive characteristics of
cities,including their human and cultural values, history
and natural systems.
认识并依靠城市的人类和文化价值、历史自然体系等独特特征进行发展。
About the Global Mayors’ Forum (GMF)
Founded by the International Mayors Communication Centre in 2005, the Global Mayors’
Forum is jointly organized by several eminent urban organizations including UCLG-aspac,
SCI, IDA, INTA and CITYNET. The GMF Council was established on 21 April 2008 in the
International Mayors Communication Centre Building in Shenzhen, China.
The mission of the Global Mayors’ Forum is to bridge cultural differences and help cities
around the world work together to achieve sustainable urban development. It is a nongovernmental biennial world event with a shifting venue.
Oriented to a ‘green conference’ model, the GMF holds a series of themed conferences
worldwide between Forums. The Global Mayors’ Forum 2014, which will provide an
outstanding platform for cities and enterprises to develop partnerships, will take place in
China, on the theme of “Living a Life of Health and Sustainability”. There will be over 1,000
distinguished guests including United Nations officials, leaders of international organizations,
mayors from China and other countries, government officials, global business leaders,
entrepreneurs, economists and global media.
The objectives of the Global Mayors’ Forum:
- To facilitate economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation
- To search for sustainable development solutions
- To disseminate low carbon urban management philosophy and technologies
- To facilitate the establishment of sister cities across the globe
- To set up a network for communication and cooperation between cities around the world
- To promote urban development and world peace
By attending the Global Mayors’ Forum, you will benefit from:
- Listening to: the latest ideas from UN officials, international organization leaders, global
mayors and business leaders regarding urban development
- Learning about: cutting edge theories about urban sustainability and innovative scientific
technologies
- Connecting with: business partners, investors and other potential collaborators
- Understanding: the needs of cities across the world
For more information, please visit our official website: http://www.globalmayorsforum.org
Global Mayors' Forum Secretariat
Address: Unit14E, New Times Square,Taizi Road 1st,Shekou, Shenzhen,China
Tel: (86)755-8610 0516; 8610 0515; Fax: (86)755-8610 0235
E-mail : info@globalmayorsforum.org
全球市长论坛 (GMF) 官方概要
“全球市长论坛”起源于 2005 年，是一个由中国人创意发起，并联合全球著名城市组
织及企业共同组织的全球高端城市论坛。它为全球城市决策者与利益相关者搭建智慧
与思想碰撞的舞台，还将为参与者创造非常实质的、多层面的经济、文化等合作机会。
作为国际市长交流中心（IMCC）旗下品牌之一，其主题论坛是非官方每年一届的国际
性高端会议。论坛以绿色低碳、节约高效理念为导向，实现与各国城市地方政府和行
业组织合作。为减少碳足迹，高效组织各国地方政府决策者与企业领袖和专家，成为
全球最具创新价值的高端会议举办模式。
“全球市长论坛”理事会为论坛最高管理机构，由论坛主办机构组成，负责论坛的组
织与发展。理事会下设秘书处，负责论坛的日常事务和组织管理，论坛永久秘书处为
国际市长交流中心（IMCC）。每届论坛成立组委会，负责该次论坛的具体筹备和组织
运作，论坛主办机构、协办机构、支持机构等均可申请加入论坛组委会，各届组委会
的规模由理事会决定，论坛组委会成员可参选理事会理事。
论坛宗旨
融通文化，共谋全球城市间可持续发展
目 标
• 帮助城市间促成经济、文化交流与合作
• 为城市找到可持续发展的解决方案
• 传播先进的城市管理理念和技术
• 以资源为先决条件，促进全球城市间友好关系的缔结
• 建立全球城市间相互学习和合作的网络
• 推动城市绿色发展、世界和平进步
如您欲了解更多内容，请登录论坛网站：http://www.globalmayorsforum.org
“全球市长论坛”秘书处
地址 : 中国深圳市蛇口太子路一号新时代广场 14E
电话：(86)755-8610 0516; 传真：(86)755-8610 0235
电子邮件：info@globalmayorsforum.org
Editorial
Department
Executive Editor-in-Chief: Lan Jin
Managing Editor: Lin Miao
Executive Producer: Yi Wang
Editors: Yang Liu, Ye Jiang
Designer: Chen Chen
Strategic Cooperation: Global Mayor
Hong Kong magazine Happy Men
Global Mayors' Forum Secretariat
Tel: +86-755-86100516
Fax: +86-755-86100235
Address: Unit14E, New Times Square,Taizi Road 1st,Shekou, Shenzhen,China
Publication date: 27th, January, 2014
Email: info@hk-imcc.com
Website: http://www.globalmayorsforum.org
Publisher
编
辑
部
总 编 辑 ： 金兰
执行主编：苗林
项目统筹：王毅
责任编辑：刘洋、蒋烨
版面设计：陈晨
战略合作伙伴：《环球市长》杂志社
香港《快乐人》杂志社
“全球市长论坛”秘书处
电话 : +86-755-86100516
传真 : +86-755-86100235
地址 : 中国深圳市蛇口太子路一号新时代广场 14E
出版日期：2014 年 1 月 27 日
邮箱：info@hk-imcc.com
全球市长论坛官方网站 : http://www.globalmayorsforum.org
出品人
编辑部
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS
对话全球市长
Dear Readers,
City is the place where human beings live; what’s more, it is also the place for us to
practice sustainable development.
The new issue of Dialogue to Global Mayors takes as its theme the 6th Melbourne
Principle, “Recognise and build on the distinctive characteristics of cities, including
their human and cultural values, history and natural systems.” and focuses on
sustainable development in the category of urban history, culture and social values.
The column Cover Story, the article Culture Heritage and City Development describes
how the historical cities can take on the dynamism of residential attractiveness while
preserving the identity, cultural heritage and historical values.
In the Dialogue to Global Mayors column, Mayor of the Municipality Gil Nadais
introduces that more than 30000 citizens and 200 local/regional authorities already
committed to build a more sustainable and resilient territory. Copenhagen—European
Capital-aims to be the first CO2 neutral capital by 2025. To achieve that, they are
determined to install more wind turbines, invest in solar panels, and convert power
stations from fossil fuels to biomass and promote green transport.
In the column Latest News, the two articles are “Earn Green by Adopting a Greener
Lifestyle” and “Latest UN Climate Conference Strengthens Case for Businessgovernment Bridge”. Column Green Footprint introduces the origin of sustainability
movement leads to current challenges and Canada’s sustainable strategy from 2013
to 2016.
In the column CSR-Corporate Social Responsibility, there are articles about GE
stimulates wind energy growth in the UK and case study and Siemens sustainable
cities project.
Editor's Note
In the column Model City. The City of Greater Geelong is fortunate to have a natural
environment rich in diversity, including rare and unique flora and fauna, major
waterways, large coastal areas and complex freshwater and marine wetlands.
In the column Green Life, it introduces ten easy ways to save on energy at home and
thirty-three environmentally friendly eating habits. In the column Open Dialogue, Brian
Mullis, the co-founder and president of Sustainable Travel International, answered
whether the Carbon Offsetting really works in actually reducing carbon emissions.
The Back Cover column, Infrastructure and Heritage Conservation Opportunities
for Urban Revitalization and Economic Development states that the conservation
and management of urban heritage is not only important for preserving its historic
significance, but also for its potential to increase income-earning opportunities, city
livability, and competitiveness.
In the future, we should do our best to contribute to the urban sustainable
development,
Sincerely.
Secretary General：
Global Mayors Forum Secretariat
January 27th 2014
致读者：
城市是人类生活的载体，更是发展绿色产业、推崇可持续发展的要地。本
期《对话全球市长》以墨尔本十大原则第六项：“认识并依靠城市的人类
和文化价值、历史自然体系等独特特征进行发展”为主题，集中介绍了可
持续发展在城市、文化价值、历史中的体现。
“封面故事”，《文化遗产和城市发展》讲述了面对历史老城，我们应该
如何在既展现其活力又能保留住其标志性特色。在文化遗产和历史价值问
题上，我们确实需要去寻求一个好的平衡。
“对话市长”栏目中，阿格达直辖市市长 Gil Nadais 介绍，该市现已有超
过 30000 名市民和 200 个本地或地区政府致力于构建一个更可持续及更适
应环境的地区。《哥本哈根：欧洲绿色首都》一文介绍该城市计划到 2025
年成为全球首个碳中和的首都城市。
“星闻速递”这一期的文章主要包括《赢得绿色 - 追求更绿的生活方式》
和《新一轮联合国气候大会为政企合作搭建桥梁》。
“绿色足迹”栏目介绍了可持续运动的起源、现有挑战及加拿大联邦
2013-2016 可持续发展战略。“低碳工商”栏目讲述了通用电气刺激英国
本土风电增长以及西门子的“水晶”可持续发展城市项目。
“典范城市”栏目介绍了大吉郎市有得天独厚的自然环境，包括罕见且独
特的植物群和动物群，主要的水道，大面积的沿海区域以及淡水，海水混
合型湿地。
总编感言
“绿色生活”栏目为民众介绍了教你在家节省能源的十个简单办法、33 个
环保的饮食习惯。“自由话语”栏目，国际永续旅行协会主席兼创办者
Brian Mullis 回答了碳补偿是否真正对降低碳排放量起到作用。
“封底故事”， 《基础建设和遗产保护：城市复兴和经济发展的机遇》一
文讲述了加强保护和优化管理城市遗产的重要性，不仅仅是体现在为了保
留其历史价值 ，，更有盈利潜质，提高城市宜居性。
未来，我们应以身作则，从细小处保护地球，为城市的可持续发展贡献自
己的一份力量。
致可持续发展礼 !
秘书长：
全球市长论坛理事会秘书处
二〇一四年一月二十七日
目录
CONTENTS
封
面
故
事
COVER STORY
对
话
市
长
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS
星
闻
速
递
LATEST NEWS
绿
色
足
迹
GREEN FOOTPRINT
低
碳
工
商
CSR-CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
典
范
城
市
MODEL CITY
001 007 019 027 039 049
典
范
城
市
自
由
话
语
OPEN DIALOGUE
绿
色
词
汇
GREEN GLOSSARY
可
持
续
发
展
奖
SUSTAINABILITY AWARDS
封
底
故
事
BACK COVER STORY
061 071 081 083 089
绿
色
生
活
GREEN LIFE
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
CULTURAL HERITAGE AND
CITY DEVELOPMENT
文化遗产和城市发展
Diversity is about culture, identity, history and heritage. All these aspects are important
for a city to create attractiveness. Cities have to build on their past to prepare for the
future. However, there are debates between the contradictory aims of conservation vs.
modernization of heritage areas. HIstorical cities must seek a good balance between the
dynamism of residential attractiveness while preserving their identity, cultural heritage and
historical values.
城市的多样性包括文化，标志性特色，历史和传统遗产诸方面 。所有这些对于城市独创其吸
引力，都很重要 。城市建设应该是在原有的传统基础之上，创建未来 。 然而，在文物遗产区
域的保护和发展现代化这两个对立目标上，往往会出现争执 。对历史老城如何在既呈现出有
吸引力的居住区，展现其活力又能保留住其标志性特色，文化遗产和历史价值的问题上，我
们确实需要去寻求一个好的平衡 。
COVER STORY · 封 面 故 事
efficient building to overcome, through more
efficient operations, the negative energy
and climate change impacts caused in the
construction process.” For a fair comparison,
of course, also the environmental resources
used for the renovation of older buildings
have to be calculated.
Editorial June 2012: housing
refurbishment as EU Growth
Agenda?
Since months the “EU Growth Pact” has
been at the forefront of political discussions
in Europe. This would mean that the needed
and agreed austerity measures should be
extended by measures towards stimulating
economic growth. While there seems to be
a growing agreement around this statement
in general, the details are heavily debated,
There are many ideas about how economic
growth should be stimulated.
One interesting idea came up in a joint
statement of Energy Cities, Cecodhas,
Eurima, EuroACE and the European
Builders Confederation on 25 June. These
organizations are calling for the future EU
Growth Agenda to include a clear objective:
to refurbish at least 10 million housing
units, starting with the poorest performing
dwellings. According to their argumentation
such “… a commitment would boost the
building sector activity, create hundreds
of thousands of local, non-exportable and
stable jobs and significantly contribute to
reducing Europe's costs for energy imports
whilst improving quality of life and reducing
fuel poverty.” The potential is huge, as
almost 40% of final energy consumption is in
houses, offices, shops and other buildings.
There are European countries, most notably
Germany and France, where the energy
saving renovation of buildings already
“Diversity is about culture, identity, history
and heritage.” (Cities of Tomorrow 3.2.1)
All these aspects are important for a city
to create attractiveness. “Cities have to
build on their past to prepare the future.”
This is of course increasingly valid for cities
with substantial and valuable heritage.
Even in such cities, however, there might
be debates between the contradictory
aims of conservation vs. modernization
of heritage areas. An interesting example
on such debates is just going on in the
Urbanist Blog discussing the radical idea
of providing new uses to the Ile de Cité in
Paris. The question has been raised ‘’…
whether French government institutions
need to be occupying the most expensive
real estate in the country, in places where
they play no positive role in supporting
urban development objectives … whether
the Palais de Justice should stay a complex
of courts at all ... or to have socially useful
functions other than to serve as a sumptuous
decor for France’s elite magistrates.”
There are, however, also arguments against
radical changes in historic areas. The same
blog quotes architect Carl Elefante: “the
greenest building is one that is already built”.
A National Trust for Historic Preservation
(US) study concludes that “… it can take
between 10 and 80 years for a new, energy001
002
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
buildings. Within 10 years the task has
been almost finished in Germany. However,
in many of the eastern German cities and
regions thousands of such renovated
buildings stay empty (and will probably
soon to be demolished) as there are no
people around who would like to live in
them. According to this story renovation is
nice but only if there is a long term need for
the renovated buildings. Thus in countries
and cities which will use the energy efficient
renovation of buildings for the stimulation
of economic growth careful calculations
and forecasts should preceed concrete
decisions. Otherwise temporary growth will
be replaced by longer term problems.
Editorial May 2012: the residents
as value of inner city areas
Inner city areas differ from each other
regarding their main value, on the basis
of which they can be regenerated. In well
known historic areas, central places of cities
with historic buildings this value can easily
be identified. In other cases this identification
is much more difficult and uncertain.
The case of the Ottakringer Strasse in
Vienna is a good case to illustrate this point.
This street is an important transport artery
on the edge of the inner city and at the same
time it is the border between two districts.
No wonder there there was no interest to
deal with the problems of the area, which
became one of the main concentration points
for south-east European migrants. The
structure of shops and bars corresponded to
the low socio-economic status of the area ,
which got a bad image and became one of
the no-go areas for normal citizens.
Around the middle of the 2000s the social
services of the two districts decided to
achieved significant results. In France
social housing organisations used in the
last 2-3 years nearly 100% of the European
Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
available for improving energy efficiency in
existing housing. According to calculations
the €320 million from the European grants
generated investments of €2.2 billion, the
creation of 15,000 local jobs in two years
and financial savings of €98 per month per
household.
So far the idea: to push economic growth
through environmentally and socially also
advantageous energy efficient renovation
of residential buildings. Who would be able
to deny the importance of these goals,
especially if they are linked to each other in
such a nice way...?
Although there is general sympathy for
the idea, some words of caution must be
raised. Politically decided actions, especially
if blurred by magic numbers (‘10 million’)
can easily lead to problematic outcomes.
One of the examples is the comprehensive
renovation programme of prefabricated
buildings in Germany. Not long after reunification, in the early 1990s, a political
decision was taken at the highest political
level to completely renovate all prefabricated
COVER STORY · 封 面 故 事
creating more green spaces.
The story shows that not only the heritage
value of buildings can be the basis for
regeneration plans for areas. The residents
and the local social structure can be equally
important conveyor of values. The task
is to discover these values and include
them into processes aiming for area wide
improvement of the urban neighbourhood.
Editorial April 2012: an interesting
article
An interesting article came out in the
urbanshapers about urban street fairs and
festivals. These should be public indications
of the character and uniqueness of the
community – the more so as they are
important commercial activities and the best
way of enticing people to use the public
cooperate to tackle the problems of the
area. They started to talk to the residents
to explore the hidden values. The 2008
European football championship was an
important episode in this story: during the
Croatia-Turkey match, and then for the
rest of the chanmpionship the whole street
had to be closed to allow the masses
of residents to support their teams and
celebrate the results. The street became
famous, even a kind of touristic attraction
for Viennese people who came here in
organized groups to visit the shops and bars
which represented interesting and different
cultures, where they would not go otherwise.
The social organizations successfully used
this opportunity to involve the residents in
discussions about the future of the area.
This resulted in bottom-up development of
plans, based on the narrowing of the street
for car traffic, improving public spaces,
003
004
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
Alfonso Vegara,the Spanish architect,
called European cities “Living labs” in
which many new urban solutions have to
be developed and implemented. Cities are
for people, not only regarding the life-style
but also in the productive sphere, the green
economy idea. He mentioned Bilbao as an
outstanding example to transform a city
from its ruins in the 1980s (floods) into one
of the most innovative places of Europe.
Art – technology – design – eco-technology
– urban solutions: these are the five axes
for development.One of the interesting
innovations is the complete change in the
use of the inner city motorways built in
the 1970s: these will be turned into \"sky
gardens\", connecting areas for people using
non-motorized transport modes.
At the end of the Committee of the Regions
organized conference the participating
Mayors and Presidents of regions adopted
the \"Copenhagen Declaration\" that sets
out clear goals for European cities, striving
for climate-neutrality, social inclusiveness,
higher investment in human capital,
education and health, physical infrastructure
and new technologies, as well as better
integration into their surroundings. From
space. However, street fairs now offer less
heterogeneous collections and are not
favorable for local vendors to participate.
As Mac-Z Zurawski commented, almost any
street fair will be filled with tube socks, junk
toy sellers, deep fried twinkies and loads of
costume jewelry. Instead, street fairs should
be a mirror image of the neighborhood.
Stands should have ethnic foods-not hot
dogs, artists from the area-not Lia Sophia
or Home Decorators, etc. The conclusion of
the article argues for the re-creation of the
street fairs in cities. “It should be unique with
diversity of products, variety of vendors and
should reveal the distinct character of the
neighborhoods. The city should join forces
with the entrepreneurs, artists and vendors
to provide quality street fairs. The permit
process and fees should also be made
easy and feasible. In this modern world it
is very essential for people to step out and
experience the spirited street life.”
News in March 2012
The Fifth European Summit of Regions and
Cities has been organized in Copenhagen,
22-23 March 2012 with the title \"The
European urban fabric in the 21st century”.
In this high level meeting cultural heritage
was only addressed indirectly through some
of the local leaders who emphasized the
importance of inner city areas and involving
the residents in decision making.
Milan Ftáčnik, the mayor of Bratislava
mentioned the case of a building which was
sentenced by the city leaders to demolition
– however, people were asked and voted to
save the building even if substantial amount
of money had to be spent on it. With this and
other pilot projects Bratislava makes steps
towards participatory budgeting.
COVER STORY · 封 面 故 事
building heritage will also be addressed.
Among the already finished projects
REPAIR presents an interesting angle to
approach this debate via the re-use of
abandoned military heritage, particularly
focusing on \"new\" objectives or moral
obligations to take energy efficiency, waste
management, sustainable accessibility
and local employment into account in the
restoration formula. HerO provides a worthy
complement here in its search to devise
integrated systems of cultural heritage
management, preserving and developing
historic urban landscapes as a key facet
of the dynamic multi-functional city. CTUR
and Creative Clusters, projects from the
Economic development and Jobs Pole also
make a contribution to this sub-theme on the
issue of innovative entrepreneurship in the
context of the urban cultural heritage.
Source:
http://urbact.eu/fr/urbact-capitalisation/explorernos-domaines-dexpertise/cultural-heritage-andcity-development/
URBACT is a European exchange and learning
programme promoting sustainable urban
development. More on URBACT - www.urbact.eu
the list of goals heritage preservation and
social inclusion are strikingly missing –
probably due to the north-western European
(where these problems are less prevalent)
dominance within the initiators of the
declaration.
URBACT projects
The ongoing LINKS project addresses
the delicate problem, how can historical
cities take on the dynamism of residential
attractiveness while preserving their identity,
cultural heritage and historical values.
The challenge is to improve quality of life
in old centres and to create comfortable,
affordable and sustainable housing seeking
out a good balance between preservation
requirements and evolutionary needs.
Heritage is an integral part of the \"living\"
city. It is a force of attraction contributing to
image and quality perceptions. It provides
special locations for many key urban
activities and interactions and has a strong
economic potential (and not exclusively from
tourism). However, as urban settlements
develop, change or grow, a recurrent and
ongoing questioning of the role of this
feature of our cities is justified. The main
challenge for city authorities and agencies
in this respect is to construct a responsible
and manageable interpretation of heritage
areas in the face of contemporary ambitions,
development pressures and processes. This
is much more complex than the extreme
solutions of museological treatment versus
unbridled modernization.
Among the 3rd call projects of URBACT
which started their development phase in
April 2012, the USE ACT project aims at the
strengthening of the existing built up areas
of cities, without consumption of further land.
Among the tools, the best use of the historic
005
006
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
DIALOGUE TO GLO
对话市长
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS · 对 话 市 长
OBAL MAYORS
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
011
ÁGUEDA ENABLES COMMUNITIES TO
MINIMIZE THEIR ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
阿格达市促使社区减少生态足迹
Gil Nadais, Mayor of the Municipality of Águeda
阿格达直辖市市长：Gil Nadais
Celia Laranjeira, Project Manager on Environment and Sustainable Development
环境与可持续发展项目经理：Celia Laranjeira
With the implementation of Local Agenda 21 in Agueda, communities were empowered
to reduce their ecological footprint going further than the goals established. Leading by
example, the Municipality provided information on sustainable actions, opportunities for
sharing ideas, increased transparency and governance, cooperation and awareness so that
citizens realized their “power” to change, aligned with EU levels of sustainability and quality
of life. More than 30,000 citizens and 200 local/regional authorities already committed to
built a more sustainable and resilient territory. Recently the municipality asked \"If all the
world's citizens had my habits how many planets would be needed to sustain humanity?\"
The answer could be found through an application (APP) made in Agueda that allows users
to calculate their ecological footprint on their tablets and Smartphones.
根据阿格达市当地的 21 世纪议程，社区被授权有义务要减少其产生的生态足迹，来进一步完
成该市建立的目标。具体实施的行动有，市政当局提供可持续发展活动相关信息，创造机会
给民众诉说他们的想法，增强实施过程的透明度和相关的管制，制造更多合作机会以及提升
市民的意识，让其认识到他们拥有改变的“力量”，使该市达到欧盟的可持续发展和生活质
量水准。现已有超过 30000 名市民和 200 个本地或地区政府致力于构建一个更可持续及更适
应环境的地区。最近，有市民提出“如果全世界的人有都像我一样的生活习惯，那么需要多
少个地球才可以满足全人类需求？” 的问题， 其答案可以通过阿格达自创的一款应用程序获
得，让使用者们可以在他们的平板电脑上或是智能手机里计算出他们的生态足迹。
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS · 对 话 市 长
Due to global challenges in environment,
economy and society which increasingly
were and are addressed to the civil society
and, as such, to their representatives,
the City Council of Águeda felt it had to
have a more active role in the sustainable
development of the territory, bringing
together companies, IC&T and civil society,
building the projects with a strong public
participation, integrating environmental
principles and culture heritage.
Community Participation and
Empowerment
The effort developed by Agueda in recent
years to stimulate the participation of the
citizens is well known. Their empowerment
to promote the environmental, social and
economic development is present in each
event, project and initiative. Within this
context several new projects have emerged
under the “umbrella” of Agueda LA 21, and
where the opinion of the citizens became
a crucial part of the development and
implementation of new ideas and projects.
The Municipality believes that only with
active and involved citizens we will have a
better city that meets the aspirations and
needs of all its population.
Agueda’s methodology
The methodologies adopted, aiming for the
involvement of the population at the different
moments of Local Agenda 21 had integrated
(and integrate) some “emblematic” phases
as:
· Creation of a Forum and Working
groups, with the participation of elements
of the public administration, companies,
associative movements, citizens;
Municipality of Agueda
Águeda is located in the central region of
Portugal, in the Iberian Peninsula, and has
an area of approximately 335 km2. The city,
with the same name as the municipality,
has a population of around 15,000
inhabitants. Known for the great capacity
of entrepreneurship of its people which
resulted in a strong business sector, and it is
considered one of the most industrial regions
of Portugal. Over the last years, an effort
has been made to expand and complement
this industry, particularly in high-tech areas.
The region’s lighting cluster, for instance,
includes four of the country’s top companies
in this sector.
Umbrella Sky project in the city of Agueda
007
008
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
Thematic events and commemorative days
are celebrated: e.g. World Environment Day:
Workshop to prevent food waste (2013).
To promote the exchange of ideas and
citizenship, the municipality also created a
space called ESPAÇO CIDADE/CIDADANIA
(city space/citizenship) where everyone can
meet and discuss the issues they consider
to be most relevant. This space, built in the
center of the city, is equipped with computer
equipment, a projector and everything that it
is necessary to conduct discussion forums.
Its use is free, and people only need to mark
the day and the period in which they intend
to use this new equipment. Messages to the
mayor and the municipal executive can be
send or published.
Thus promotes the practice of citizenship
and participation in decisions of the
municipality that should be of interest to all.
The Municipal Executive has held meetings
in this space. Agueda is a developing
city for all citizens including the children
(“present and future generations”): a city
Children Friendly project. It’s an trajectory
and recognition of difference: the presence
and voice of children. There were created
infantile or juvenile councils to ensure that
they have an active connection with other
city children, and adults, involving them in
· Analysis and discussion of the local
priority subjects (diagnostic);
· Identification of goals and ideas for the
sustainable development of the community
(strategical vision);
· Definition of a Participated Action Plan
approved for the local authorities;
· Widely participated implementation of
the Municipal Plan, with the promotion of
individual action plans.
In parallel with these phases were held
actions for public awareness, education,
training and information for sustainability
were held. One of the crucial moments for
the population: the definition of Agueda
Commitments to Sustainability used the
method Participatory Appraisal.
Image of public debate working group (2010)
This was followed by other phases of
participation that lead to the presentation
of individual Action Plans for Sustainability
(citizens, businesses, Municipality of
Agueda, other public and private entities),
from plan to action: everyone makes the
change!
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS · 对 话 市 长
Many other projects are developed in
Agueda, some already mentioned by the
United Nations or by the European Council
(beAgueda) and recognized has Best
Practices. With the LA21 of Agueda thought
to go further, more than 30000 citizens
and 200 local and regional authorities are
involved.
Agueda a city for the children (2010)
Best practices improving local
sustainability and reducing
ecological footprint
The Municipality of Agueda has obtained
consecutively, the ECOXXI Award (a
national award) distinguishing itself by
highlighting the exercise of good practices
relating to sustainability policies at the
municipal level. For about four consecutive
years Agueda has achieved this Green
Flag that recognizes the work done in 21
indicators and 65 sub indicators.
Águeda created a movement in the county
for local sustainability - for this purpose
signing the Commitment of European
Cities and Towns for Sustainability (Aalborg
Charter), the launch of the campaign
Agueda21, promotion of best environmental
the consultation process.
Local citizens are the main actors of a campaign
to apply to the community participation (2010).
009
010
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
electric bicycles) based in the local industry
has been reference at the European
level. Recently, was considered the most
interesting idea at an Energy-Cities event.
Even as a pilot, the results have been
significant and we can refer that the 10
e-bikes available to the citizen have already
gone about 20.000km in 24 months.
The city, with an altitude uninviting to the
use of the bicycle, is an excellent stage
for this practice. It promotes the bicycle
(environmental friendly).
The image of Agueda Ecological footprint
calculator and QR code for the APP for tablets
and Smartphones
The entire population can freely access this
kind of travel by e-like by making an entry in
which one will be given a card that will serve
to borrow the bike. There has been a great
acceptance for this project, resulting in the
purchase of bicycles by citizens verifying
that there is already a significant number
circulating in the city.
practices with Manuals of Practice to
Sustainability for families, schools and
businesses (more than 8000 already
distributed), an Agueda 21 blog (more than
73000 views since 2009) and a newsletter
available to regularly send information
an news (more than 2500 subscrivers),
thematic days are celebrated (e.g. Earth
Day), and the Award Agueda 21 was created
and launched, among others.
The Award ÁGUEDA 21: was launched
by the municipal Authority for highlighting
excellence, and rewarding sustainability. It
is a stimulus to excellence and recognition
of civil society activities and actions for
the sustainability of the municipality of
Agueda. Families, businesses, associations,
schools, private nonprofit, non-governmental
organizations and local authorities acting at
Agueda and developing actions to improve
the sustainability of this Municipality may
apply for this award . The total amount of
5000 euros can be awarded to the best
actions.
The Municipality of Águeda through Águeda
Living Lab (ALL) project, developed this year
during the European Sustainable Energy
Week developed a mobile application
(APP) that allows its users a simple way to
calculate their ecological footprint and also
answer to the question \"If all the world's
citizens had my habits how many planets
would be needed to sustain humanity?\".
Want to know the answer? Download the
application in the App stores of Google or
Apple:
Águeda is a stage of new ideas
and pilot projects.
The beÁgueda project (collective use
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS · 对 话 市 长
Final remarks
The policies adopted for Águeda have
led to an improvement in environmental
quality, where issues like sustainability and
innovation have gained new meaning and
dynamics, with the participation of all. The
process towards a smart city has been
inserted into the Municipal strategy, as the
LA 21 participatory approach clearly defines
this area as one of the most important in
Agueda to develop and improve. The value
of Agueda as a Living Lab derives from the
increase of social capital and innovation,
by promoting greater civic participation
and empowerment and motivation of
citizens to open innovation and co-creation
of new products, services and policies.
Nevertheless, citizens have realized the
importance of a change of behavior and
attitudes towards energy consumption and
understand the reason behind them, through
the integration and active collaboration
of them as end-users. This permits, not
only to achieve the desired reduction of
energy consumption, but the reduction
of the ecological footprint from bottom –
up. This small overview of some of the
many projects that Agueda is developing
presented an intelligent and digital city, close
to knowledge and nature, where citizens
and entrepreneurs are the main drivers
of change for a sustainable living territory
where it’s pleasant to walk, to play, to visit,
to work, to study and to live.
Another aspect concerns job creation, so
that the community has all the conditions to
be in Agueda. Over the past six years, the
Municipal Executive has taken a leadership
role in the dynamics of business, promoting
specific actions in this area, with workshops,
conferences (which involved experts in
the field of innovation, creativity, in order
to challenge our entrepreneurs for the
new times), exhibition and dissemination
at the European level, various initiatives
undertaken in this area. The creation of a
Business Incubator is a reality that supports
ideas and initiatives that generate jobs and
wealth.
Agueda thinks this also important to promote
the sharing of experiences and knowledge in
all areas, so it organizes lectures/seminars,
encouraging the presentation of innovation
and the development of new technologies
and applications in the municipality of
Águeda, and among the community.
The Mayor of Agueda (on the left) and
other citizens driving the electrical bike
in the city of Agueda (2011)
011
012
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
COPENHAGEN—EUROPEAN GREEN
CAPITAL
哥本哈根：欧洲绿色首都
Lord Mayor of Copenhagen, Denmark: Mr. Frank Jensen
哥本哈根市长：Mr. Frank Jensen
Copenhagen was ranked the “world’s most livable city” by British lifestyle magazine Monocle
in both 2007 and 2013. A key factor in Copenhagen’s livability ranking is its ambitious green
initiatives. Copenhagen aims to be the first CO2 neutral capital by 2025. To achieve that, the
city is installing more wind turbines, investing in solar panels, converting power stations from
fossil fuels to biomass and promoting green transportation. Copenhagen has been awarded
the European Green Capital Award 2014 by the European Commission.
英国生活杂志 Monocle 分别在 2007 年及 2013 年将哥本哈根列为“世界最宜居的城市”。
哥本哈根获此殊荣的一大关键原因是其雄伟的绿色目标。该城市计划到 2025 年成为全球首个
碳中和的首都城市。为了实现这一目标，他们决心安装更多的风力涡轮机、投资太阳能电池板、
将电厂从依靠化石燃料改为生物质以及提倡绿色交通等。目前，哥本哈根已经被欧洲委员会
授予“2014 欧洲绿色首都奖”。
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS · 对 话 市 长
013
014
Copenhagen’s bicycle culture is prioritized
highly by the City of Copenhagen and
cycling is made integral in urban planning
and design. New and broader bicycle
lanes, improved design of intersections and
behavioral campaigns are carried out to
ensure the bicycle-strategy goal which aims
for 50 percent of Copenhageners cycling to
work or education in 2015.
Not only is cycling the fastest way of getting
to work, there are also economic and
environmental benefits at stake. Cycling
means healthier citizens and reduced health
costs, and environmentally cycling reduces
CO2 emissions, noise and air pollution.
CO2 neutral by 2025
Copenhagen aims to be the world’s first
CO2-neutral capital by 2025, and we are
already seeing results. In 2011, Copenhagen
had reduced its CO2 emissions by more
than 20 percent compared to 2005 levels.
We are determined to reach our goals by
installing more wind turbines, investing in
solar panels, and converting power stations
from fossil fuels to biomass.
We will invest more in hybrid buses for
public transportation, and existing buildings
will be retro-fitted, and new buildings will be
energy efficient. For us to reach the goal of
becoming CO2-neutral by 2025 the city must
use less energy and at the same time switch
energy production to green sources.
Green transport
One of the areas in which we strive to
go green is by improving public transport.
Like many other cities, economic growth in
Copenhagen has brought with it increased
traffic congestion. However, we have
Copenhagen is one of the most ambitious
cities in the world when it comes to setting
sustainability goals - and reaching them. By
2025 we aim to make Copenhagen the first
CO2 neutral capital. And we are already well
on our way. This agenda, and the initiatives
which will help us achieve our goal, has
been awarded the European Green Capital
Award 2014 by the European Commission.
Livable City
Ultimately a sustainable city means a city
with a high quality of life, and Copenhagen
is considered one of the most livable cities
in the world. In fact, Copenhagen has been
ranked “world’s most livable city” by British
lifestyle magazine Monocle in both 2007 and
2013. A key factor in Copenhagen’s livability
ranking is the ambitious green initiatives.
The city boasts many green recreational
areas, a harbour that you can swim in, and
36 percent of Copenhageners cycle to work
or educational institutions.
Heinen
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
One of our most interesting projects is
the establishment of a new city district,
Nordhavn, the largest urban development
area in Northern Europe. With a sustainable
energy supply, low-energy buildings, and
some of the best conditions for cyclists in
the world, Nordhavn will be Copenhagen’s
sustainable city district and showcase for
Smart City technology.
Kontraframe
Swimming in the harbour
The water in Copenhagen’s harbour is so
clean that you can swim in it. And many
Copenhageners do. The three harbour
baths in Copenhagen are used as great
recreational areas during summer, and
heightens quality of life.
Just fifteen years ago, swimming in the
harbour was out of the question. We chose
to address the problem by taking several
measures; we modernized the sewage
system, adopted a cleaning programme,
diverted local rainwater and commissioned a
strong urban design to create a recreational
space. The benefits are many, among
them being increased value of real estate,
invested in an efficient and highly integrated
public transport network.
This has lead to traffic, congestion and
pollution reduced to levels that are extremely
low by the standards of major international
cities. In Copenhagen, the solution has
been investing in an integrated transport
system between bus, train and metro; that
is: Online journey planner across different
transport modes, easy transport between
transport modes, one ticket for metro, train
and bus, and bicycles are allowed on metro
and trains. Also, cooperation with China
concerning electric busses has begun late
2013, which will make public transport even
greener. Building smart Copenhagen is
renowned for its architecture with historic
buildings mixing with new world class
architecture. As we work on the goal of
becoming CO2-neutral, being energy
conscious when we build and renovate is a
natural mindset and a good investment.
Kontraframe
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS · 对 话 市 长
015
016
The benefits are many; citizens can drink
water of high quality directly from the tap,
a reduction in water consumption of 26
percent and water losses reduced to 7
percent.
Urban planning – economical
and social benefits
Copenhagen is a city with a fast population
growth. But how does a city improve life,
expand and at the same time reduce car
usage and CO2 emissions? Intelligent
urban planning is part of the answer.
In Copenhagen the solution has been
planning tools, stakeholder commitment and
collaboration between different sectors.
City planning ensures sustainable
development such as bicycle lanes, green
recreational areas and connection of the city
to the water environment. All key factors in
making a city livable.
Kontraframe
increased quality of life and tourism,
revitalization of local business life and
improved water quality in the harbour.
Polfoto
Water from the tap
Not only can you swim in the Copenhagen
harbour, you can also drink water directly
from the tap. As Copenhagen is growing,
however, the city faces the very real risk of
demand for water outstripping groundwater
supply.
The main challenge is to maintain a high
drinking water supply based on groundwater.
The solution has proven to be innovative
technologies and policies; Management
of water resources by the use of new
technologies to monitor and prevent leaks,
water purification and groundwater modeling
and protection, behavior changes measured
by water meters and pricing mechanisms
to reduce wasteful consumption, and
engineering solutions to reduce overall
water demand to manageable levels.
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
Kontraframe
Waste as a resource
Waste management is an important element
in sustainability and an area we have worked
hard to improve. Waste management
can help optimize resource consumption
through recycling/reuse. Furthermore, waste
constitutes a renewable energy source.
Today, Copenhagen sends less than 2
percent of waste to landfill – twenty times
less than in 1988. Almost 60 percent of
waste is recycled and maximum use is
made of the residual waste to generate heat
for Copenhagen’s district heating network.
Waste is treated as a resource, and the
solution has been to: Improve recycling
through source separation, recycling the
waste to energy, and heat and power by
incineration.
At the household level, paper, glass,
batteries, plastic, metal, electronics
etc. are collected separately, making
source separation an easy choice for
Copenhageners.
These measures results in reduces CO2
emissions, millions of euros in landfill
taxes are avoided and heat and power is
generated from residual waste.
Public support for wind power
22 percent of Denmark’s total electricity
consumption is produced by wind turbines,
the highest rate in the world. However, like
every city, Copenhagen faces challenges
when it comes to wind power such as limited
space to implement wind energy on a large
scale within an urban environment, the cost
of building wind turbines, and the public
resistance to the perceived visual and noise
impact of wind turbines in the landscape.
The solution has been to encourage local
support by creating community-owned
facilities and using local skills. Based on
the Copenhagen Climate Plan, the city
plans to build more than 100 new wind
turbines by 2025, thereby getting one
step closer to achieving carbon reduction
goals. Cooperatives will be able to invest in
turbines both in and outside Copenhagen.
By creating strong local demand, the
Danish wind turbine industry has grown
into a multibillion euro industry with over
350 companies producing turbine towers,
blades, generators, gear boxes and control
systems.
Kontraframe
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS · 对 话 市 长
017
018
Kontraframe
Copenhagen – European Green Capital 2014
We continuously aim to be a city with a green mindset – today it is a must. And we are
honored and proud to accept the prize ‘European Green Capital 2014’ by the European
Commission.
Copenhagen won the prize ahead of 17 other European cities. The experts were especially
impressed by the efforts to get more people to cycle, and the goal of becoming carbon
neutral by 2025. Copenhagen was assessed on the basis of 12 areas of special interest:
Transport, wastewater management, energy efficiency, environmental management, noise,
air quality, waste, water consumption, biodiversity, green growth, climate and green areas.
In nine of the 12 areas, Copenhagen received the highest or second-highest score out of all
the participating cities.
In 2014 we want to share our green solutions with the world at both events, conferences,
master classes and guided tours. The year is divided into five focal points: The good urban
life of the future, resource effectiveness and sustainable consumption, the blue and green
city, green mobility and climate and green transition, where we aim to showcase our best
green initiatives. We are looking forward to welcoming the world and sharing our green
solutions.
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
EARN GREEN BY ADOPTING
A GREENER LIFESTYLE
赢得绿色 - 追求更绿的生活方式
By Anne Staley
作者：Anne Staley
Going green means we can help preserve our planet’s resources by reusing and recycling
the things we’ve used before. Adapting to a greener lifestyle can not only help save
resources but it can help you save money, too, or even earn some extra cash. A great way
to reduce pollution is to use less gasoline. Try to avoid using your vehicle especially for
small errands. Instead, walk or take your bike. Collecting recyclables is another way to go
green and earn money. Each type of waste– paper, scrap metal has its own price.
生活变绿是指我们通过再使用、再利用之前的东西来帮助保护地球资源。适应更为绿色的生
活不仅能保护地球资源，还能帮你省钱。如果能坚持做这些有意义的活动，你甚至可以从中
赚到一些零花钱。减少污染的一个重要方式就是减少使用汽油。尽量避免使用私家车，特别
是为一些小事出行的时候。相反，你可以选择步行或者骑自行车。此外，像废纸、废金属这
样的废品，都有其价值，你可以收集废物，然后从中获得报酬。
LATEST NEWS · 星 闻 速 递
plastic bags whenever you go to the
supermarket.
• Store your appliances properly. Leaving
them out in the open can lead to more
damage because of water or extreme heat.
Keep them in a shed away from sources of
moisture and heat and you increase their
lifespan.
• Before you print anything, think whether
you really need it. Switch to e-tickets instead
of paper tickets. Put a stop to junk mail that
litters your mailbox by opting out of credit
card offers and the like.
• If you have a whole lot of old items that you
want to dispose of like books, old clothes,
and even furniture, organize a yard sale.
You can donate clothes, old appliances and
used furniture to thrift stores or the Salvation
Army!
How important is it to adopt a greener
lifestyle? The earth is facing high levels
of air, water, and land pollution and we’re
gradually exhausting the natural resources
available to us. There will come a time when
there won’t be many resources left for future
generations.
That’s how important it is.
Going green means we can help preserve
our planet’s resources by reusing and
recycling the things we’ve used before.
Adapting to a greener lifestyle can not only
help save resources but it can help you save
money, too. Or even earn some extra cash
if you’re up to doing some exciting activities.
Here’s how:
Save Money
A penny saved is a penny earned! Think
about your lifestyle and how you can
change to make a difference in the go green
movement.
A great way to reduce pollution is to use
less gas. This may not be possible in
every situation. But try to avoid using
your vehicle especially for small errands.
Instead, walk down or take your bike. You
aren’t just protecting the environment;
you’re contributing to better health! The US
Department of Energy cites some other
ways to save on gas, such as driving within
the designated speed limit, using cruise
control on highways and avoiding excess
idling.
• Use energy-efficient lights. Use CFLs
wherever possible. Turn off the lights while
exiting a room.
• Use cloth bags instead of disposable
019
020
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
Scrap metal and e-waste. You’d be
surprised how much you can earn through
scrap metal recycling. Plumbing fixtures,
your musical instruments, old, broken-down
appliances, including your vehicle, and
all your electronic goods are all excellent
sources of metal scrap. Look up the Internet
to find names of scrap metal dealers in
your town. Almost all towns have scrap
yards which accept metal for recycling.
For example, SIMS has many scrap metal
recycling centers. They’re located in several
cities all over the country, from New Haven
in CT to Phoenix in AZ and they can easily
relieve you of your ferrous and non-ferrous
scrap for a good price.
Plastic. A staggering 32 million tons of
plastic waste was generated in 2011 in
United States, according to the EPA.
Bottles, jugs, toys, bags, medicine
containers and other items made of plastic
can all be recycled. Contact the waste
management firm in your town to get all the
details about the different types of plastics
that can be recycled so you can either drop
them off at the recycling center or keep them
at the curbside to be picked up by the waste
management truck.
Earn Money
Organize a neighborhood recycling drive in
your community. Get the word out through
social networking sites and/or your church to
let others know of your “go green initiative”
and allow them to participate. Each type of
waste you collect – paper, scrap metal, or
plastic has its own price so make sure you
do your homework before deciding what to
collect. Here’s what you can collect and how
to get paid for it:
Paper. Find out all you can about the
recyclers in your town that accept paper
scrap and how much are they willing to
pay you. Collect all the paper you can –
newspapers, magazines, old books, gift
cards, junk mail, grocery bags, cereal boxes,
and other sources you can think of. Haul this
paper to the recycling center and get paid for
all that scrap! The Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) claims that recycling one ton
of paper saves 70,000 gallons of water and
vastly reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
LATEST NEWS · 星 闻 速 递
You won’t make much money by taking a small amount of plastics, scrap metal and paper to
your nearest recycling center. Recycling drives will help you collect enough to make it worth
your while.
And remember to make it a habit to reuse and recycle as much as you can. It’s not just
economically beneficial for you, but there’s a sense of satisfaction in knowing that you’ve
contributed in some way to help the planet stay clean and green!
Anne Staley is an environmentalist who likes to express her thoughts and beliefs through
the written word. Her motto in life is to better the lives of others through the knowledge
she shares. She loves nature and urges her readers to go green. She shares her thoughts
through creative writing and blogs.
Source:
http://livinggreenmag.com/2013/09/09/home-garden/earn-green-by-adopting-a-greenerlifestyle/#SLYrjTZrOf9dQo5d.99
021
022
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
LATEST UN CLIMATE CONFERENCE STRENGTHENS
CASE FOR BUSINESS-GOVERNMENT BRIDGE
新一轮联合国气候大会为政企合作搭建桥梁
By Helle Bank Jorgensen
作者：Helle Bank Jorgensen
The United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP) 19 was held in
Warsaw, Poland. In the wake of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, we are reminded again
of the serious threat that climate change poses to our planet and civilization. This reality
affects every company, industry and nation, and the solution requires cooperation from each
actor across all fronts. Companies made it clear that they are ready to step up to the plate
and take the lead in altering the climate change course, but they need governments and
other world leaders’ support.
联合国气候变化大会第 19 次缔约方会议在波兰华沙召开。台风海燕袭击菲律宾，让我们进一
步意识到气候变化对我们的星球和文明所带来的威胁。这一现实将影响每一个公司、行业以
及国家，而这一问题的解决方案要求各行各业的合作。公司已经明确表示已经做好应对气候
变化的准备，但是他们需要各国政府和全球领导的支持。
LATEST NEWS · 星 闻 速 递
In the wake of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, we are reminded again of the serious
threat that climate change poses to our planet and civilization. This reality affects every
company, industry and nation, and the solution requires cooperation from each actor across
all fronts.
This bleak reminder of natural disasters occurred at a critical time, as business leaders
gathered at the United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP) 19 in
Warsaw, Poland, to discuss their role in addressing climate change.
A common theme at this conference, which took place Nov. 11-22, was the importance of
the private sector in finding and implementing solutions. As stated by Carlos Busquets of
the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), \"Without the private sector, we can't expect
to meet the technological and financial challenges that are needed in order to tackle this
problem.\"
023
024
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
Businesses bridge the gap with governments
There was encouraging enthusiasm from conference attendees, who showed a
willingness to take on bottom-up initiatives. Companies made it clear that they are
ready to step up to the plate and take the lead in altering the climate change course,
but they need governments and other world leaders to meet them halfway. What is
required is a bridge between the needs and objectives of the private sector and the
regulations and policies of governments.
As an example, the ICC, together with World Climate Ltd, launched the Road to Paris
Initiative. This aims to create a shared plan and a durable bridge between business
and government in devising solutions to the climate change problem. The partnership
aims to help reach a global deal at the conference in Paris in 2015.
Ingrid Reumert, vice president of public affairs and sustainability at Velux Group,
expressed the commitment of her company to climate change: \"We are ready to work,
we see this as important, and we are ready to take our part,\" she said. \"We wish for
clear milestones and a clear path, so that we all know what we have to work toward
in order to get an ambitious global deal.\" The desire for collaboration and a clear
path was echoed by the business community throughout the different business-side
events.
LATEST NEWS · 星 闻 速 递
The business benefits of tackling
climate change
Climate change affects all of us, and crosssector collaboration is required to fix it.
Although the private sector often has been
blamed for the climate change calamity, no
doubt much is at stake for each company.
Climate change not only will affect the state
of our planet, but also companies' supply
chains and value chains, directly impacting
profitability. Or as Peter Bakker, CEO of
the World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD), said, \"Business is
recognizing that the cost of inaction, the cost
of not dealing with climate change, is getting
larger than the cost of action.\"
The time to act is now. Nature is starting to
send invoices, and businesses, consumers
and governments must work hand in hand to
solve the climate change problem.
source:
http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2013/11/27/
latest-un-climate-conference-strengthens-casebusiness-government-bridge
025
026
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
GREEN FOOTPRIN
绿色足迹
GREEN FOOTPRINT · 绿 色 足 迹
NT
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
ORIGIN OF SUSTAINABILITY MOVEMENT
LEADS TO CURRENT CHALLENGES
可持续运动的起源导致现有挑战
Historical Perspective - By Chris Moore
作者：Chris Moore
The famous definition of sustainable development (SD) was created by the Brundtland
Commission in 1987. Since the United Nations (UN) adopted Brundtland’s celebrated
framing of SD into its bylaws in 1992, the economic gap between developed and developing
nations has increased, the global environmental condition has worsened, and total global
poverty persists. The main issue lies in the fact that most people perceive the goals of
sustainability through different lenses. That is, we tend to focus on those features of SD that
suit our needs while disregarding those that do not.
可持续发展这一著名的名词最早是在 1987 年由布伦特兰委员会提出。自从联合国在 1992 年
采纳这一名词并将之纳入章程后，发展中国家和发达国家之间的经济差距加大，全球环境状
况恶化，整个全球的贫困状况依旧持续。而这一问题的根源在于人们对于可持续的目标有不
同的看法，即我们更趋向于认同那些能满足我们需求的可持续发展的特质，那些无法满足的，
则被我们忽视。
GREEN FOOTPRINT · 绿 色 足 迹
condition has worsened, and total global
poverty persists. In the United States,
sustainability initiatives being drafted into
growth-management policies are typically
met with resistance by one faction or
another, asserting that their interests are
being circumvented somewhere in the local
decision-making process.
Why the disconnect? The main issue lies in
the fact that most people perceive the goals
of sustainability through different lenses.
That is, we tend to focus on those features
of SD that suit our needs while disregarding
those that do not.
The early debates could be seen in this
fashion. Pioneering environmentalists
like Aldo Leopold promoted ecological
preservation through a “land ethic” that
served to fulfill the innate need to connect
with nature. As such, Leopold’s framing
of environmentalism championed “things
natural, wild, and free.”
On the other hand, Gifford Pinchot promoted
the “conservation ethic” to advance
economic development through planned
use of the environment. As such, Pinchot’s
framing of environmentalism championed a
utilitarian view through “the art of producing
from the forest whatever it can yield for the
service of man.”
It’s 9:30 in the morning and I am at another
sustainability conference. The speaker
started his PowerPoint presentation with
the same slide as the previous speaker by
defining sustainable development (SD) as
“development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own
needs.” Next comes the great sustainable
compromise – we must simultaneously
address economic, environmental, and
social issues in all our endeavors. Everyone
claps in agreement. It makes us feel good to
be working for such a noble cause.
Later, I walk around the exhibit hall talking
to environmental groups, developers
and policymakers, hearing their take on
SD. Environmentalists speak in terms of
biodiversity and carrying-capacity, cringing at
the thought of a backhoe decimating Mother
Earth. Many developers struggle to accept
sustainability initiatives, faulting stringent
bureaucratic processes and additional
costs. Policymakers wish to either increase
regulation or hold more planning charrettes
to find the elusive “common ground.”
This provides a snap-shot of the wideranging opinions on how to achieve SD and
reveals a decidedly difficult truth – while we
all acknowledge the famous definition of
SD created by the Brundtland Commission
in 1987 (equity between economic,
social and environmental concerns), and
work passionately to promote it, but the
sustainability movement continues to
struggle.
Since the United Nations (UN) adopted
Brundtland’s celebrated framing of SD
into its bylaws in 1992, the economic gap
between developed and developing nations
has increased, the global environmental
027
028
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
In attempts to create such a balance,
Senate Interior and Insular Affairs chairman
Henry M. Jackson introduced bill S 1075 in
1969, which eventually passed both houses
of Congress with overwhelming support. On
January 1, 1970 President Nixon signed the
bill into the federal law that is better known
today as The National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA) of 1969.
NEPA was the world’s first national
declaration of environmental policy,
outlining both the normative and operational
requirements of an environmental review
process before any governmental action
could take place. Since its passage, more
than 100 countries have adopted national
policy similar to NEPA, which to this day
is still heralded as the Magna Carta of
environmental legislation. Furthermore,
when comparing language from NEPA with
Bundtland’s definition of SD, it can easily
be argued that the American environmental
movement of the late 1960s is the progenitor
of the contemporary global sustainability
movement:
…development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.”
(Brundtland Commission, 1987)
…to create and maintain conditions
under which man and nature can exist in
productive harmony, and fulfill the social,
economic, and other requirements of present
and future generations of Americans.”
(NEPA, 1969)
However, NEPA was met with strong
resistance within the United States. While
no one actually advocated ecological
degradation, the prevailing goal of NEPA
opposition groups was to slow the pace
As with the historical debates over the
ethics of Leopold and Pinchot to where the
environmental movement was to take us,
the sustainability movement has also been
marked with disagreement over where SD
needs to go.
Perhaps a more critical review of the history
of SD from the viewpoint of “where we come
from” instead of the traditional approach
of “where we need to go” can reveal a
commonly shared experience that offers
hope in finding the ever-elusive “common
ground.”
Birth of the Movement
Following an oil spill off California’s Santa
Barbara coast and the spontaneous
combustion of Cleveland’s Cuyahoga River
in 1969, a ground swell of support to protect
America’s air and water began to take
precedence. The primary socio-political
challenge in the late sixties was in creating
a legislative balance between economic
development and environmental protection.
GREEN FOOTPRINT · 绿 色 足 迹
discussed the interdependence of the
environment with economic stability, the
term was mostly used to imply economic
constraints. Despite the waning of interest
that followed, a more holistic framing of SD
would later rekindle the discussion.
S e v e n y e a r s l a t e r, t h e c o n c e p t o f
“sustainable development” was widely
popularized after the World Commission
on Environment and Development, chaired
by Norwegian prime minister Gro Harlem
Brundtland, published a report titled Our
Common Future. The report, commonly
referred to as the Brundtland Report,
outlined an analytical framework through
which international agreements could
be made with the intent of reconciling
differences traditionally associated with
environmental protection and economic
development.
The Commission’s vision was revolutionary.
It was the first report of its kind to
disclose the positive correlation between
environmental degradation and poverty.
Because of this, the international community
(especially developing nations) embraced
Brundtland’s version of SD since it
addressed not two, but all “three Es” of SD:
environment, economy and social equity.
of federally mandated policies requiring
additional capital investments. These
concerns came to a litigious fruition.
In 2005, the House Task Force on Updating
NEPA concluded that the threat of litigation
by interest groups had a profound effect
on the manner in which Federal agencies
implemented the review process, with
agencies spending as much as necessary to
create “bullet proof” documents.
For example, during the 1980s, an
environmental impact statement (EIS) for a
mining project cost approximately $250,000
to $300,000. In 2005, the same EIS could
cost $7 million to $8 million. Ultimately, the
increased costs were “associated with the
amount of information required to address
potential litigation.”
NEPA has become more of a costly
procedural requirement than the far-reaching
tool for cultural change it was intended to
be.
Nonetheless, the international community
took the lead in using the environmental
review process of NEPA by keeping it out
of the courts. In the end, the international
community focused more on the normative
aspects of NEPA that were left out of the
American process and molded NEPA in a
way that eventually brought sustainability to
the forefront of global discourse as a tool for
cultural change.
International Attention
The term “sustainable development” was
first used in the international arena in
1980 after the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature published theWorld
Conservation Strategy. Although the report
029
030
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
They felt environmental agreements would
limit their ability to extract and export natural
resources needed to accumulate wealth and
provide the basics of food, shelter, medicine,
and jobs to its citizens.
Additionally, developing nations criticized
the industrialized world for pushing
environmental initiatives since industrialized
nations were historically allowed to degrade
their ecological base and accumulate
wealth, and then had the luxury to reinvest
in their environment. Industrialized nations
on the other hand criticized developing
nations as being the main culprits of global
environmental degradation as it was
they who were putting pressure on the
environment via over-population.
T h e r e i n l i e s t h e b a s i c , w o r l d w i d e
challenge—how is it that members of the
global community can share and promote
the tenets of SD, while at the same time
sponsor opposing prescriptions to attain that
goal?
The Brundtland Report argued that neither
economic development nor environmental
protection was possible without the other,
thus both should not be viewed in terms
of trade-offs. Being sensitive to the issue
of equity, the report based its argument
for SD on the premise that basic human
needs must first be met in order to seriously
address environmental concerns. Thus,
ecological protection, according to the
Brundtland Commission, could not be
achieved without first improving the human
condition.
Furthermore, the Commission was
intentionally vague with its definition of SD.
They felt a broad definition of SD, mixed
with democratic citizen participation, would
empower the disenfranchised and force
needed discourse on pressing issues.
During the 1992 Earth Summit held in Rio
de Janeiro, the UN adopted Brundtland’s
framing of SD into its bylaws. Also adopted
was Agenda 21, a 900-page plan for
achieving SD in the 21st Century. Composed
of 40 sections, with each dedicated to a
particular SD issue, Agenda 21 offered 120
action programs to help guide the global SD
effort.
However, as with the American NEPA
experience, conflicts over the realization of
SD on the international level came to being,
manifested by opposing worldviews and
needs.
Advocates for global environmental treaties
mostly came from industrialized nations
since their sites were set on international
agreements that addressed the negative
impacts associated with ecological
degradation. On the other hand, developing
nations were skeptical of these treaties.
GREEN FOOTPRINT · 绿 色 足 迹
intended to curb sprawl never put limits
on growth, but instead encouraged local
municipalities to rebuild livable communities
through smart growth.
However, the national SD effort, as with
the international effort, has been marked
with an inability to create policies that are
meaningful to all parties involved. The issue,
once again, is that differing ideological
approaches towards SD give opposing
views on how to achieve it.
Elim Papadakis’ study, Environmental Values
and Political Action concludes that SD policy
prescriptions made by local officials are
often criticized as being “seriously flawed,
mostly reflecting personal, organizational,
and political preferences.”
T h a b o M b e k i , P r e s i d e n t o f S o u t h
Africa, speaking during the 2002 World
Summit on Sustainable Development in
Johannesburg stated: “Sadly, we have
not made much progress in realizing the
grand vision contained in Agenda 21 and
other international agreements. It is no
secret that the global community has not
yet demonstrated the will to implement the
decisions it has freely adopted.”
Looking at how various countries implement
their own brand of SD into their national
policies, it becomes evident that there is a
will to promote SD, but it lacks a common
focus: India utilizes SD to promote poverty
alleviation and water quality; Brazil focuses
on deforestation and poverty; Sub-Saharan
Africa focuses on water and peace;
Developing countries look to education,
finance, and markets; and the European
Union, United States, and China focus on
energy security and climate change.
It is within these differences of need that
disagreements over policy prescriptions
arise, making SD a difficult goal to achieve
on the international front. Without shared
goals within and across the international
community, the holy grail of SD seems to be
failing.
American Conundrum
One year after the 1992 Earth Summit, the
SD movement arrived back in the United
States when President Clinton established
the President’s Council on Sustainable
Development.
The Council’s 1999 report, Towards a
Sustainable America, targeted urban sprawl
as the greatest threat to achieving the
American brand of SD. Federal prescriptions
031
032
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
These are the divergent lenses through
which various groups perceive sustainability,
prompting them to focus on those features
of SD that suit their needs while disregarding
those that do not.
Conclusions
SD has become the most widely used
catchphrase among policy advocates
wishing to create a balance between the
ostensibly opposing goals of economic
growth and environmental protection, with
the issue of social equity lying somewhere
in between. However, as we have seen,
attempts at finding such a balance typically
result in ineffective policy.
On the local front, three-quarters of the
American public consider themselves to
be environmentalists, but are at the same
time disengaged from the political process.
Their knowledge of the relationship between
natural and economic systems is often
limited and inconsistent. Due to the lack of
understanding of the complexities involved
with SD, a political vacuum is created by the
disengaged American public, which is often
filled by special interest groups who typically
disagree over the pathways towards SD
Meanwhile, Robert G. Paterson and
Devashree Saha’s study, Local Government
Efforts to Promote the Three Es of
Sustainable Development shows “there is
little evidence that cities are connecting
sustainability to equity and social justice
issues.”
Lastly, developers feel that the local, growthmanagement process requires them to go
through a costly procedural process that
tends to put moratoriums on their projects,
raising costs even more.
After evaluating the local SD experience in
the United States, a congressional research
panel concluded that:
Overall, the effort to define and achieve
sustainability [in local government]
has involved a significant amount of
consciousness-raising about the trade-offs
involved in community decision-making.
At its best, it is a process for ensuring
that otherwise overlooked perspectives
and constituencies are not excluded from
decisions. But it remains an ill-defined
process in which operational results remain
elusive.
In the American SD experience, there are
three fundamental ideological differences
operating in the creation of local growthmanagement policy:
1 . F r e e m a r k e t i d e o l o g y v e r s u s
environmental regulation.
2. Private property rights versus the public’s
right to private lands.
3. Representative democracy versus public
participation in the local policymaking
process.
GREEN FOOTPRINT · 绿 色 足 迹
In the end, it is not the conflict of opinion
that matters, but rather the conversations
needed to resolve these differences that
give the SD movement its strength. From
this perspective, SD has and continues to
be an ongoing discussion where consensus
will always need to be negotiated and
renegotiated. Perhaps the elusive common
ground needed to achieve sustainable
development can be found through the
continued review of SD’s evolution. Perhaps
the first step toward that common ground is
to recognize the multi-cultural approaches
to its advancement. In our differences may
lay the solutions that take the world to true
sustainability.
About the author: Chris Moore (LEED® AP)
is an Environmental Planner with the national
facilities and infrastructure consulting
firm RS&H, working with sustainable
transportation and environmental program
management.
Republished from the February, 2009 issue
of Sustainable Land Development Today
magazine.
Source:
http://www.triplepundit.com/2010/08/originof-sustainability-movement-leads-to-currentchallenges/?doing_wp_cron=1386833229.043951
0345458984375000
And despite Brundtland’s intentions on
the international front, SD has become a
nebulous, normative concept, involving
trade-offs among social, ecological and
economic objectives. Without shared
goals within and across the international
community, SD is struggling.
In closing, SD is not a fixed ideal based
on “where we are going,” but rather an
evolutionary process better expressed
through the lens of “where we have been.”
As Roger Wilkinson and John Cary contend:
…the [SD] process is not deterministic: the
end-point is not known in advance. The
starting point of the process is not some
degree of sustainability because this cannot
be known or observed. It is considered
that unsustainability – which can be seen
– is necessarily the starting point for this
process. What is known to be unsustainable
will change and evolve with new information
and experience, which makes the process
dynamic rather than static. Within this
evolutionary approach, a sustainable system
is one that evolves as a consequence of
adaptation to changing circumstances,
rather than one that resists all assaults upon
it.
033
034
All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.
DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长
053
PLANNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE:
A FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGY FOR CANADA 2013-2016
针对可持续发展未来的计划：
2013-2016 加拿大联邦可持续发展战略
Sustainable Development Office，Environment Canada
加拿大环保部可持续发展办公室
The Government of Canada passed the Federal Sustainable Development Act in 2008.
It signaled a change in how the Government of Canada would fulfill its commitment to
sustainable development. The Act requires one comprehensive Federal Sustainable
Development Strategy （FSDS） representing all of government, with Departmental
Sustainable Development Strategies (DSDSs) contributing to its objectives. The first cycle of
the FSDS covering the period 2010–13, was tabled in Parliament on October 6, 2010.
加拿大政府于 2008 年通过了联邦可持续发展法案，它标志着加拿大政府在如何实现可持续发
展上的变化。该法案要求有一个代表各级政府的总揽性的联邦可持续发展战略，通过可持续
发展战略部来实现这个目标。联邦可持续发展战略第一周期的时间跨度为 2010 年到 2013 年，
该目标于 2010 年 10 月 6 日由加拿大议会制定。
