www.globalmayorsforum.org

对话全球市长

第 05期 · 月刊

2 0 1 4

2014 · The Fifth Edition

DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS

Build on the characteristics of ecosystems in the development

and nurturing of healthy and sustainable cities.

依靠生态系统的特征，发展和培养健康和可持续城市。

· THE GOLD COAST CITY TRANSPORT STRATEGY 2031

· TRONDHEIM IS REDUCING TRAFFIC

· CLIMATE CHANGE

About the Global Mayors’ Forum (GMF)

Founded by the International Mayors Communication Centre in 2005, the Global Mayors’

Forum is jointly organized by several eminent urban organizations including UCLG-aspac,

WUC,IDA, CITYscape and CITYNET. The GMF Council was established on 21 April 2008 in

the International Mayors Communication Centre Building in Shenzhen, China.

The mission of the Global Mayors’ Forum is to bridge cultural differences and help cities

around the world work together to achieve sustainable urban development. It is a nongovernmental biennial world event with a shifting venue.

Oriented to a ‘green conference’ model, the GMF holds a series of themed conferences

worldwide between Forums. The Global Mayors’ Forum 2014, which will provide an

outstanding platform for cities and enterprises to develop partnerships, will take place in

China, on the theme of “Living a Life of Health and Sustainability”. There will be over 1,000

distinguished guests including United Nations officials, leaders of international organizations,

mayors from China and other countries, government officials, global business leaders,

entrepreneurs, economists and global media.

The objectives of the Global Mayors’ Forum:

- To facilitate economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation

- To search for sustainable development solutions

- To disseminate low carbon urban management philosophy and technologies

- To facilitate the establishment of sister cities across the globe

- To set up a network for communication and cooperation between cities around the world

- To promote urban development and world peace

By attending the Global Mayors’ Forum, you will benefit from:

- Listening to: the latest ideas from UN officials, international organization leaders, global

mayors and business leaders regarding urban development

- Learning about: cutting edge theories about urban sustainability and innovative scientific

technologies

- Connecting with: business partners, investors and other potential collaborators

- Understanding: the needs of cities across the world

For more information, please visit our official website: http://www.globalmayorsforum.org

Global Mayors' Forum Secretariat

Address: Unit14E, New Times Square,Taizi Road 1st,Shekou, Shenzhen,China

Tel: (86)755-8610 0516; 8610 0515; Fax: (86)755-8610 0235

E-mail : info@globalmayorsforum.org

全球市长论坛 (GMF) 官方概要

“全球市长论坛”起源于 2005 年，是一个由中国人创意发起，并联合全球著名城市组

织及企业共同组织的全球高端城市论坛。它为全球城市决策者与利益相关者搭建智慧

与思想碰撞的舞台，还将为参与者创造非常实质的、多层面的经济、文化等合作机会。

作为国际市长交流中心（IMCC）旗下品牌之一，其主题论坛是非官方每年一届的国际

性高端会议。论坛以绿色低碳、节约高效理念为导向，实现与各国城市地方政府和行

业组织合作。为减少碳足迹，高效组织各国地方政府决策者与企业领袖和专家，成为

全球最具创新价值的高端会议举办模式。

“全球市长论坛”理事会为论坛最高管理机构，由论坛主办机构组成，负责论坛的组

织与发展。理事会下设秘书处，负责论坛的日常事务和组织管理，论坛永久秘书处为

国际市长交流中心（IMCC）。每届论坛成立组委会，负责该次论坛的具体筹备和组织

运作，论坛主办机构、协办机构、支持机构等均可申请加入论坛组委会，各届组委会

的规模由理事会决定，论坛组委会成员可参选理事会理事。

论坛宗旨

融通文化，共谋全球城市间可持续发展

目 标

• 帮助城市间促成经济、文化交流与合作

• 为城市找到可持续发展的解决方案

• 传播先进的城市管理理念和技术

• 以资源为先决条件，促进全球城市间友好关系的缔结

• 建立全球城市间相互学习和合作的网络

• 推动城市绿色发展、世界和平进步

如您欲了解更多内容，请登录论坛网站：http://www.globalmayorsforum.org

“全球市长论坛”秘书处

详细地址 : 中国深圳市蛇口太子路一号新时代广场 14E

电话：(86)755-8610 0516; 传真：(86)755-8610 0235

电子邮件：info@globalmayorsforum.org

Editorial Department

Executive Editor-in-Chief: Lan Jin

Managing Editor: Yang Liu

Executive Producer: Yi Wang

Designer: Chen Chen

Strategic Partner: Global Mayor

Hong Kong magazine Happy Men

Publisher

Global Mayors' Forum Secretariat

Tel: +86-755-86100516

Fax: +86-755-86100235

Address: Unit14E, New Times Square,Taizi Road 1st, Shekou, ShenZhen, China

Publication date: 27th, May , 2014

Email: info@hk-imcc.com

Website: http://www.globalmayorsforum.org

编辑部

总 编 辑 ： 金兰

执行主编：刘洋

项目统筹：王毅

版面设计：陈晨

战略合作伙伴：《环球市长》杂志社

香港《快乐人》杂志社

出品人

全球市长论坛秘书处

电话 : +86-755-86100516

传真 : +86-755-86100235

地址 : 中国深圳市蛇口太子路一号新时代广场 14E

出版日期：2014 年 5 月 27 日

邮箱：info@hk-imcc.com

To contribute,please contact: ellen@hk-imcc.com 全球市长论坛官方网站 : http://www.globalmayorsforum.org

DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS

对话全球市长

Dear Readers,

May 8th, 2014 is Mother's Day. On this day, we show our gratitude to our wonderful

mothers.Meanwhile, we should show our respect to another mother——the Earth.

The Earth is a spectacular planet in the vast universe and the cradle of life, the

mother of mankind. In this issue of \"Dialogue to Global Mayors', we abide by the fifth

of Melbourne’s Ten Principles \". Build on the characteristics of ecosystems in the

development and nurturing of healthy and sustainable cities. We aim to show how to

make the cities on the earth better prepared for sustainable development.

In column Cover Story, the article Urban Nature: How to Foster Biodiversity in World’s

Cities describes how researchers and city managers from Baltimore to Britain are

recognizing the importance of providing urban habitat that can support biodiversity,

as the world becomes more urbanized. It may be the start of an urban wildlife

movement. Cities capture about 20 percent of the world’s avian biodiversity, but that

number may be skewed higher because younger cities tend to have more native

birds.

Large parts of the Arctic are experiencing rapid warming, with sea ice disappearing.

Russian and American scientists, as well as the people of Alaska and Russia’s

Chukotka Autonomous Region, are collaborating on research and citizen science to

study wildlife and climate change on both sides of the Bering Sea. This is the focus of

the column Green Footprint.

The column Modal City discusses how, with 87% of New Zealanders now living

in cities and towns, planning for urban resilience is needed more than ever. The

resilience of cities

in response to natural disasters and long-term climate change is something that

policymakers are starting to pay attention to. A key issue in particular is how to

understand the interconnectedness of urban and natural systems.

In an column Latest News, experts say fossil fuel subsidies hamper pathway to an

inclusive green economy, Fossil fuel subsidies are contributing to fiscal instability and

undermining governments' efforts to combat serious economic and environmental

challenges.

In the column Back Cover Story, new research shows that scientists have significantly

overestimated the damage that logging in tropical forests has done to biodiversity, a

finding that could change the way conservationists think about how best to preserve

species in areas disturbed by humans.

The earth is our mother, who can bear to see her surrounded by air pollution? Who

is willing to look at her grievances? Yes, we do not have such intentions, because

we love her, so we want her to become a green mother, always happy, pure and

beautiful. The E-magazine \"Dialogue to Global Mayors\" joins with you to protect the

planet.

In the column Dialogue to Global Mayors, we have received contributions from

Norway, England and Australia. For example, The Mayor of the city of Gold Coast

makes the improvement of transport system as one of top priorities. Therefore, its

city council launched the Gold Coast Transport Strategy 2031 so that the locals could

enjoy their fantastic city.

Sincerely.

Secretary General：

Global Mayors Forum Secretariat

May 27, 2014

Editor's Note

致读者：

2014 年 5 月 8 日，我们迎来了又一个母亲节，这一天，我们感谢母亲的养育之恩，

这一天，我们更应该感恩人类和所有生物共同的母亲——地球，地球是生命的摇

篮。本期《对话全球市长》以墨尔本十大原则第五条“依靠生态系统的特征，发

展和培养健康和可持续城市”为主题，向读者呈现应该如何让地球上的城市更具

备可持续发展的生态特征。

封面故事《城市属性：怎样在全球城市范围内实现生物多样性》中介绍了提高城

市人居环境质量的重要性。全球有 20% 的飞禽在城市范围内活动，而这一数字

未来将会飙升，因为未来将会有更多的当地鸟类选择在年轻城市定居、繁衍。

北极地区受气候变暖影响严重，很多冰层都在消失。目前，俄罗斯和美国方面都

准备对此采取措施，两国的科学家以及阿拉斯加和 Chukotka 自治区的民众都准

备开展科研合作，来研究白令海峡一带的野生动物和气候变化。本期绿色足迹栏

目带领读者了解北极地区的环保情况。

典范城市栏目中，87% 的新西兰民众居住在城镇中，如何让城市变得更有弹性，

这比任何时刻都显得有必要。比如城市应急自然灾难的机制、如何应对气候变化，

这都是对城市的考验。其中的一大问题就是怎样理解城市发展与自然体系之间的

关联。

星闻速递栏目中，有专家认为，化石燃料补贴会导致财政不稳定，并会动摇政府

面临环境、经济挑战时的决心，专家建议应该减少甚至取消对化石燃料的补贴。

自由话语栏目中，联合国环境署执行主任 ACHIM STEINER 在全球粮农论坛上

发表演讲，“实现农产品种植的多样化以及了解农产本的基因特性，在不影响生

态系统的前提下，来减少气候变化对农业的影响，这将提高农业的抗自然灾害能

力。”

在本期封底故事《被砍伐丛林中的生物多样性丰富程度超出想象》中，最新研究

表明，科学家已经错估了砍伐对热带森林的影响，其实这一行为对保护当地生物

多样性并没有那么严重的影响，而保护学家的这一观点有望改变人们对该地区生

物多样性的保护行为。在印尼，有超过 3600 万公顷的森林面积有人类足迹，但

是其所包含的生物多样性的丰富程度超过人类的想象。

我们怎能看到母亲被污气所环绕呢？谁甘愿看着母亲被苦水所浸泡呢？谁甘愿看

着她被烈日曝晒呢？是的，我们都不忍心，因为我们爱着她，所以我们要让她成

为一位永远幸福的母亲，纯洁而美丽，年轻而温柔。《对话全球市长》电子杂志

将引领保护地球先锋，与您一齐保护我们共同的母亲！

对话市长栏目为大家介绍了挪威、英国、澳大利亚国家的城市在城市可持续发展

领域做出的努力和成果。挪威特隆赫姆市随着不断增长的城市人口，城市交通道

路车流量的剧增，市政厅为了解决这类问题以及减少温室气体的排放量，批准了

一个绿色城市的项目，以打造特隆赫姆市可持续的交通系统。黄金海岸市为了提

高城市交通系统，已开始实施了《2031 年黄金海岸城市交通规划策略》，让市

民有更多的时间享受这个美妙绝伦的城市。而英国彼得伯勒市通过关注市民三大

福祉，让市民对打造城市优质的生活环境充满了热情。

致可持续发展礼 !

秘书长：

全球市长论坛理事会秘书处

二〇一四年五月二十七日

总编感言

CONTENTS 目录

001 封面故事

COVER STORY

002 对话市长

DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS

003 星闻速递

LATEST NEWS

004 绿色足迹

GREEN FOOTPRINT

005 低碳工商

CSR-CORPORATE SOCIAL

RESPONSIBILITY

典范城市 006

MODEL CITY

绿色生活 007

GREEN LIFE

自由话语 008

OPEN DIALOGUE

绿色词汇 009

GREEN GLOSSARY

封底故事 010

BACK COVER STORY

DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长 COVER STORY · 封 面 故 事

All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.

001

002

That sort of epiphany has been happening

a lot lately in metropolitan areas around the

world, as people come to terms with both

the dramatic increase in urbanized areas

and the corresponding loss of wildlife. The

portion of the planet characterized as urban

is on track to triple from 2000 to 2030—that

is, we are already almost halfway there.

Meanwhile, 17 percent of the 800 or so

North American bird species are in decline,

and all 20 species on the Audubon Society’s

list of \"common birds in decline\" have lost at

least half their population since 1970.

Those kinds of stark numbers, repeated

around the world, have made it disturbingly

evident that it’s not enough for cities to

plant a million trees, preach the gospel of

backyard gardens, or build green roofs and

smart streets. The trees, shrubs, and flowers

in that ostensibly green infrastructure also

need to benefit birds, butterflies, and other

animals. They need to provide habitat for

breeding, shelter, and food. Where possible,

the habitat needs to be arranged in corridors

where wildlife can safely travel.

A peregrine falcon soars above New York City's

Verrazano-Narrows Bridge.

This article is originally appeared on e360.

yale.edu http://e360.yale.edu/content/

feature.msp?id=2725

A few years ago in Baltimore County,

Maryland, environmental staffers were

reviewing a tree-planting proposal from

a local citizens group. It called for five

trees each of 13 different species, as if

in an arboretum, on the grounds of an

elementary school in a densely-populated

neighborhood.

It seemed like a worthy plan, both for

the volunteer effort and the intended

environmental and beautification benefits.

Then someone pointed out that there were

hardly any oaks on the list, even though the

22 oak species native to the area are known

to be wildlife-friendly. Local foresters, much

less local wildlife, could barely recognize

some of the species that were being

proposed instead. As if to drive home the

logical inconsistencies, both the school and

the neighborhood were named after oak

trees.

\"Why are we doing this?\" someone

wondered.

URBAN NATURE: HOW TO

FOSTER BIODIVERSITY

IN WORLD’S CITIES

城市属性：怎样在全球城市范围内实现生物多样性

By Richard Conniff

作者： Richard Conniff

As the world becomes more urbanized, researchers and city managers from

Baltimore to Britain are recognizing the importance of providing urban habitat that

can support biodiversity. It just may be the start of an urban wildlife movement.

Cities capture about 20 percent of the world's avian biodiversity, that number

may be skewed higher because younger cities tend to have more native birds.

世界变得越来越城市化，来自英国的研究员以及城市管理者意识到提高城市人居环境质量的

重要性，因为这能促进生物多样化，而这将是野生动物活跃在繁华城市的开始。全球有 20%

的飞禽在城市范围内活动，而这一数字未来将会飙升，因为未来将会有更多的当地鸟类选择

在年轻城市定居、繁衍。

DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长 COVER STORY · 封 面 故 事

All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.

003

004

Madhusudan Katti. Although pigeons,

starlings, house sparrows, and barn

swallows tend to turn up in cities worldwide,

these four cosmopolitan species don’t

necessarily indicate that urban wildlife has

become entirely homogenized. Cities also

capture about 20 percent of the world’s

avian biodiversity, says Katti. That number

may be skewed higher, he cautions,

because younger cities tend to have more

native birds. So it may be a transient effect.

But understanding what’s happening before

species start to disappear opens up the

opportunity for interventions and urban

design to retain them.

most people in 2009, when Douglas Tallamy,

a University of Delaware entomologist,

published a ranking of trees and shrubs

according to how many caterpillar species

they harbor. (The Royal Horticultural Society

has published a comparable list for Britain.)

In contrast to oaks, which accommodate

537 species, says Tallamy, gingkoes, a

standard street tree in many cities, host just

three. \"But there is this myth that a tree has

to come from China to survive in cities,\" he

comments.

Tallamy likes to point out that a single pair of

Carolina chickadees needs to bring 6,000-

9,000 caterpillars to the nest to rear a clutch

of a half-dozen nestlings. Black-capped

chickadees probably need more. If you want

the birds, he says, you need the caterpillars,

and to get the caterpillars you need the right

trees. \"All plants are not created equal,\"

he says. \"Natives are more likely to be

beneficial than non-natives, but even among

natives, there are differences.\" For instance,

though tulip trees are undoubtedly majestic,

at 160 feet in height, they are stingy with

wildlife, hosting just 21 caterpillar species.

At the National Center for Ecological

Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), based at

the University of California at San Barbara,

researchers have begun to fill in a more

detailed picture of what urban wildlife

means. Because wildlife survey data often

ends up in scattered locations, and recorded

in different formats, they are developing

a unified database, with species lists,

abundance, and, in some cases, habitat

types for urban wildlife in 156 global cities

so far.

The preliminary evidence may be more

encouraging than people tend to think, says

Fresno State University ecologist.

up 80 percent of any planting on county

land, and half of them need to be oaks. In

an area where local nurseries hardly ever

stocked oaks before, people sometimes

balk, until the county’s natural resource

manager, Don Outen, explains the logic of

it: Research has shown that oaks benefit

everything from caterpillars to songbirds.

Even fish prosper, because the aquatic

invertebrates they feed on favor oak leaves

on stream bottoms. At that point, says

Outen, the reaction tends to shift to, \"Why

haven’t we been doing this before?\"

One reason is that researchers have barely

begun to think about what wildlife already

lives in the city, or how to encourage more

of it. The importance of oaks in U.S. MidAtlantic states, for instance, came as news to

Though it may be too soon to call it an

urban wildlife movement, initiatives focused

on urban biodiversity seem to be catching

on. The U.S. Forest Service, which once

laughed off the idea that anything urban

could be wild, now supports a growing urban

forest program. Urban ecology and urban

wildlife programs are also proliferating on

university campuses. There’s a \"Nature of

Cities\" blog, launched in 2012. University

of Virginia researchers recently announced

the beginning of a Biophilic Cities Network

devoted to integrating the natural world

into urban life, with Singapore, Oslo, and

Phoenix among the founding partners.

And in Baltimore County, officials now

stipulate that canopy trees, rather than

specimen, or ornamental, trees, must make

DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长 COVER STORY · 封 面 故 事

All information sheets are made of eco-friendly material. To protect the environment, please conserve resources.

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006

pollinators and other environmental criteria.

Along with a certain amount of municipal

bombast, it manages to elicit a vast planting

effort in British cities and towns year after

year.

Maybe it’s a fantasy to think anything like

that could happen in the United States. But

just imagine: Right now, mayors do verbal

jousting over meaningless contests between

teams that are merely named for wildlife —

Chicago Cubs versus St. Louis Cardinals,

Anaheim Ducks versus San Jose Sharks,

Atlanta Hawks versus Charlotte Bobcats,

and so on, through an entire zoo’s worth of

rivalries.

If those mayors had to go toe-to-toe over the

real thing —\"My city has more wildlife than

yours,\" \"My city has more green space than

yours,\" \"My city is a better place for bird,

butterflies, and people to live\"— that would

be a competition worth watching.

one significant hazard: They can become

\"ecological traps,\" luring birds to their deaths

in a sort of cat smorgasbord. Just keeping

cats indoors, says Lerman, could prevent

the loss of billions of birds in the United

States every year.

In Britain, adds Mark Goddard, of the

University of Leeds, allotments, or

community gardens, in urban areas make

a major difference for pollinating insects,

probably because they tend to feature fruit

trees and bushes and because the weedy

corners tend to be a little more insectfriendly than private gardens. Concern about

dwindling pollinator species has also led

to the recent proliferation of 60 wildflower

meadows in British cities, modeled after the

extensive meadows planted around the site

of the 2012 London Olympics.

The new study by Lerman and her coauthors may also inadvertently have hit

on one unlikely source of hope for urban

wildlife: Civic pride and competitiveness.

Their study looked at the relative wildlifefriendliness of 10 sample cities and boiled

the differences down to a series of numbers

indicating how well each city accommodated

nine representative species. While the study

scrupulously avoids an overall ranking of

cities, it would be easy enough for local

partisans to look at the numbers and make

invidious comparisons. For instance, among

the big cities, Philadelphia ranked first for

biodiversity, followed by Washington, D.C.

Boston lagged well behind. But it beat New

York, and New York topped its Hudson River

neighbor, Jersey City.

No formal \"green city\" competition exists in

this country, at least not yet. But the \"Britain

in Bloom\" contest, sponsored by the Royal

Horticultural Society, increasingly focuses on

The study proposes a marriage of i-Tree

and eBird, two current methods for keeping

track of the natural world. Designed by

the U.S. Forest Service, i-Tree is software

used by organizations around the world

to record data on urban tree cover, from

single trees to entire forests. Its counterpart,

eBird, from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology,

is a checklist system enabling thousands

of birders around the world to log their

observations into a central database. The

combination of the two enables researchers

to assess not just which trees characterize

a neighborhood, but how good they are as

bird habitat, and which birds are using them.

To demonstrate the usefulness of this

methodology, the study’s co-authors looked

at 10 municipalities in the U.S. Northeast

for which tree data happened to be

available. They were aiming to show that

the technology can work in the broadest

possible range of communities. So they

included municipalities from Moorestown,

N.J., a Philadelphia bedroom community

with a population of about 20,000, on up

to New York City with 8.3 million. The

ambition was to provide a quick tool for

urban planners to assess how a proposed

development would affect local wildlife, or

which neighborhoods could benefit most

from habitat improvements.

Accommodating wildlife in cities doesn’t

necessarily require massive investment,

says Lerman. You can bring in more birds,

she says, just by breaking up endless lawns

with the right kinds of shrubs, to create

structure and variety. Mowing those lawns a

little less often — not weekly but every two or

three weeks — will increase the population

of native bees and other pollinators. As for

bird feeders, they don’t necessarily increase

overall bird populations, but they do present

A new study in the journal Landscape and

Urban Planning also looks at better ways of

understanding urban wildlife and habitat in

combination. The study uses birds as bioindicators for other wildlife types because

they are easier to count than shy, often

nocturnal, mammals, and because they are

more broadly familiar to the public. \"They’re

active during the day, they’re colorful, they

sing,\" says Susannah Lerman, a University

of Massachusetts ornithologist and lead

author of the new study. \"So even if most

people know nothing about wildlife, they

know something about birds.\"

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对话市长

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008

The County of Sør-Trøndelag and National

Public Roads Administration.

The tight cooperation between city, county

and country to solve local issues sets an

example for other locations in Norway. The

same applies to the use of public schemes -

a combination of restrictions and incentives

in order to influence inhabitants traveling

habits.

The organization of the project also has

earned an international reputation. “Greener

Trondheim” was presented together with six

other European projects in the publication:

“In Search of Local Public Management

Excellence – Seven Journeys to Success”,

published by the European Institute of Public

Investing in Cycling in the North

Trondheim is located between Oslo

and the polar circle, just around latitude

63N. Trondheim is known as a hub for

technological research and education

in Norway. Trondheim has earned an

international reputation through excellent

research environments and labor markets.

Labor migration is an important factor for

strong growth.

This growth is a significant basis for the

initiation of the project: “Greener Trondheim

– Public Sector Partnership for Sustainable

Transport” (“Miljøpakken” in Norwegian).

This is a collective project run in three levels

of administration: The City of Trondheim,

TRONDHEIM IS REDUCING

TRAFFIC

特隆赫姆正在致力于减少交通道路车流量

Mayor of Trondheim City, Norway -- Rita Ottervik

挪威特隆赫姆市市长：Rita Ottervik

With 183,000 residents Trondheim is Norway’s third largest city. The city is also the home

of 34,000 students. The growth of 3000 new residents every year, especially in the suburbs,

has resulted in more traffic and congestion. In order to solve these traffic issues and reduce

the emissions of greenhouse gases, the city council has approved the project“Greener

Trondheim - A Public Sector Partnership for Sustainable Transport\". Between 2011 and

2013 the city has achieved a shift in trends from car use to environmentally friendly

transportation. The use of cars fell by 9 per cent while collective transport increased

30 per cent in the city and 60 per cent in the region. Bicycling has also increased

by 20per cent. Norway’s most northern city will also be Norway’s best bike city.

特隆赫姆市是挪威的第三大城市，现有居民 18.3 万人，目前在该市在读学生为 3.4 万人。每

年新增居民 3000 人，尤其在郊外地区，因此更大地增加了交通道路车流量，从而形成了交通

拥挤的局面。为了解决此类问题以及减少温室气体的排放量，特隆赫姆市正厅批准了一个“绿

色特隆赫姆市”的项目，即通过政府资助国营部门，打造特隆赫姆市可持续的交通系统。所

以在 2011 至 2013 年间，特隆赫姆市成功地完成了城市居民从使用轿车到使用环保交通工具

的转变。轿车使用率降低了 9%， 公共交通工具在市中心的使用率上升了 30%，在城区的使

用率上升了 60%。同时，自行车的使用率也提高了 20%。因此，位于挪威最北端的特隆赫姆

市也是该国自行车使用量最多的城市。

MAYOR RITA OTTERVIK OPENING CYCLE-LANE

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FORMER PRIME MINISTER

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Administration in 2013.

The three parties of the project cooperate

on measurable goals outlined in the “Green

Partnership” Agreement. Shortly stated

these goals include:

• CO2-emmisions from transport will be

reduced by at least 20 per cent within 2018.

• The share of commuting by private cars will

be reduced from 58 per cent to 50 percent.

• A comprehensive network of sidewalks and

bicycle paths will be implemented.

• Practicability of collective transport will be

improved.

• All national regulations for local city

environmental plans will be upheld.

• The number of residents who are affected

by traffic noise will be reduced by 15 per

cent.

• 80 per cent of new housing development

will be built within the existing central city

areas.

• Greenhouse emissions from transportation

use in municipal operations will be reduced

by 40 per cent.

• The municipality will encourage other

private and public actors to carry out similar

tactics.

• The number of traffic accidents will be

reduced by at least 20 per cent.

Background

Several significant challenges form a backdrop for the project.

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Growth:

The population growth in Trondheim results

in a need for expanding areal use, a larger

region with a common housing and labor

market, increased traffic and the need

for effective commercial transportation

solutions. There is an average population

growth of 1,5 per cent both in Trondheim

and Trondheim Region which results in an

increase of 1/3 of the population within 20

years.

Lack of Capital

The city has lacked the capital needed in

order to expand its transportation network

in accordance with population growth. The

national authorities require an introduction of

toll financing before such financing can be

provided by the state. The national transport

plan for the 2010-2019 did not contain any

suggestions for the financing of road system

expansion in Trondheim.

Climate Changes

The request to execute central political

goals represents a third challenge: Local

joint responsibility to prevent global climate

changes is an underlining goal in the

national authorities Environment Report

from 2008.

Political Foundation

Trondheim has followed up on the

Environment Policy outlined by the

Norwegian Parliament with a local

environment call for transport. This led to

the city council approving an ambitious

program for transportation development in

Trondheim, April 2008. In 2008, the County

Authorities and the Norwegian Parliament

have approved a policy to support the

“Greener Trondheim” project.

The cooperation between city, region and

state is necessary in order to ensure action.

The wide local political agreement about

important controversial policies has proved

to be an important condition for success.

Eight parties in Trondheim have now agreed

upon both targets and policies.

These parties come from both wings of

Norwegian politics. They hold regular

meetings in order to coordinate the work.

Thus there is a broad agreement to build an

environmental friendly city that can keep up

with growth. Trondheim has been awarded a

national prize for this project.

Policy Instruments

The initiatives outlined in policy are both

positive and restrictive, and they shall have

an overall significant effect.

CENTRAL TRONDHEIM

LIFT TRAMPE RE-OPENING

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014

For example:

• The installation of several automatic toll

stations for automobile traffic combined with

lower fares and reserved lanes for collective

transportation. In addition the fares for trains

and the city tram have been reduced.

• Better infrastructure for pedestrians and

cyclists.

• Removal of traffic bottlenecks in the road

networks, especially positive for commercial

transportation.

• Better infrastructure for the use of El-cars/

and environmental friendly transportation.

Toll System

A toll system with seven automatic toll

stations was installed in 2010. The income

from toll collection has been controversial,

but necessary. It secures a large portion

of income for road construction and other

important projects. At the same time the

toll system has resulted in a net car traffic

reduction. Double fares during rush hours

limits traffic during the periods with the

largest capacity problems. In 2014 the toll

system in Trondheim was expanded.

Financing and Investments

“Greener Trondheim” has now an economic

framework of around 11 billion NOK (1.4

billion euro) until 2025. 60 per cent of the

income is from toll stations and 40 per cent

comes from public budgets, mostly from

the state. The projects and their results

earn Trondheim significant bonuses from

central authorities in the form of so called

incentive funds. These are used especially

to strengthen collective transportation in the

city.

Half of the collected income will be invested

in new and improved roads. The other half is

earmarked for collective transport, cyclists,

pedestrians and green initiatives like traffic

noise deflection walls and pedestrian

streets.

This is a social-economic beneficial use of

toll roads. The company Urban Analysis has

calculated that it will cost twice as much to

expand Trondheim and other Norwegian

cities for increased automobile use than

it costs to invest in additional collective

transportation and cyclist initiatives. It is

also impossible to build a way out of traffic

queues in a society where there are more

cars per person and a high standard of

living. More traffic lanes results in more

automobile traffic.

Other analysis shows that a decent bicycle

path network in Trondheim will give society

4-5 times return on investments. The health

benefits are an important contributing factor.

Collective Traffic:

The price for a monthly transit pass has

been reduced up to 50 percent in 2011.

There are now more bus routes and better

busses. All of the diesel buses in the city

have been replaced by buses that run on

natural gas, and they are adaptable for biogas. The collective lanes and bus prioritizing

traffic signals ensure that the buses run

smoothly and quickly. The project also has

plans for routes for super buses with a high

standard and practicability. The routes will

be built so that they can be easily converted

to city railways. The debate on the city

railway continues. So far reports have

FOOTBALLERS shown that buses give more transport for

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016

In 2013 the project established a special

group that seeks to get more people to walk

instead of driving or travelling collective. The

group has now mapped out 300 shortcuts

in the city. The next step will be to prioritize

reparations of existing short-cuts and the

construction of new ones. Around 40,000

residents live less than a half-hours walk

from the city center. In December 2013 a

large market place in the heart of Trondheim

became devoted to only pedestrians and

cyclists. This happened when “Greener

Trondheim” moved the buses to a new

central hub for collective traffic.

Trondheim Municipality works diligently so

that the majority of pupils will walk or cycle

to school and from school. The lack of

physical activity is a challenge in a society

where the majority of households can afford

one or two cars. Good and bad habits start

early, and therefore “Green Trondheim” will

initiate cooperation with the schools.

Smart Land Use

The development of city infrastructure aids

the policies for greener transport. More

people need to live and work so that it is

easier to travel environmentally friendly.

Transportation challenges have a regional

significance. Trondheim and its neighboring

municipalities must cooperate on a common

property development plan and regulations

for sustainable development. Here both

restrictive parking policies and housing

development near collective points and work

places are considered.

Results

Automobile Traffic

Fees for Automobiles have led to a 19 per

cent reduction in car traffic between the toll

stations. Beyond the toll stations we find that

there has been a total reduction of car traffic

at 9 per cent, despite high growth in the city.

Collective Traffic

The introduction of collective lanes in the

summer of 2008 marked a turning point

for Trondheim. The large reductions in bus

fares increased the effect. All together the

growth since 2008 was over 50 per cent

in the city and around 80 per cent in the

neighboring municipalities. Compared with

2010, the growth of bus traffic has increased

30 per cent in the city and 60 per cent in

the region. Commuters outside the city are

given access to free car parking close to the

bus stops.

investments in Trondheim, but this is a factor

of Trondheim’s size and structure.

Cycling:

Through “Greener Trondheim” a main

network for bicyclists will be built with a high

standard and around 180 km of paths. 1.5

billion NOK (nearly 200 million euro) has

been set aside for pro-cyclist initiatives until

2025. The path network is currently under

construction. The city has been given red

bicycle lanes in order to give cyclists safety

and to mark that they are an important group

of road users.

Trondheim is located far up in the north.

The climate in the winter is tough with

periods of cold and snow. Nevertheless an

average of 7,5 per cent of all commuters

cycled throughout the year according to a

comprehensive survey in 2009/2010. This

amounts to around 40,000 bicycle trips

every day. Trondheim has now approved a

cycling strategy where the goal is to double

this share within 2025, in other words

100,000 bicycle trips daily.

Trondheim has for now the world’s only

bicycle lift – “Trampe” as it is called in

Norwegian. The lift is a great aid for cyclists

and a large tourist attraction located in a

steep hill near the city center.

Trondheim has approved a policy this year

to become Norway's best bicycle city even

though other cities lie longer south and have

shorter winters. However winter cycling

is important in order to relieve press on

collective transport. The press on buses

is largest during winter days when there is

bad weather. Busses are subsidized, and

therefore bus peaks are costly to society.

If climate is a challenge, then the cities

topography is an advantage. The landscape

is shaped like a bowl. The city center lies

lowest near the opening toward the fjord.

Most work places are situated here, while

large housing areas are placed higher up in

the hills. Many can therefore roll easily down

to work in the morning, and they get a free

exercise on their way back home.

Pedestrians and School children

“Greener Trondheim” is building new

sidewalks and safer cross-walks. The

areas around schools are prioritized. So far

children in eight schools have gotten safer

school roads.

LIFT TRAMPE_HOW IT WORKS

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018

commuters among Norwegian cities. Both

individuals and companies state that they

waste less time and money on queues and

delays here than in other cities.

Trondheim is the city in Norway that has

transferred the most people from car to bus

and cycle in such a short time. The general

population seems to have an increased

understanding that collective commuters

and cyclists cut traffic queues. Although we

are located way up in the north, we still will

be the best at bicycling.

Cycling

Counts have shown that cycle traffic in and out of the city center has increased 20

per cent from 2010 to 2013. Surveys, although they are not yet been fully analyzed,

indicate a strong growth in cycling also in the winter, even though the city is only in

a start phase in regards to the expansion of good bicycle paths, bridges and bicycle

parking racks. Winter cycling requires effective maintenance due to snow fall, ice, and

quickly shifting weather patterns. “Greener Trondheim” contributes to fix the breaks

and other reparations of bicycles paths. The main routes for cyclists shall have an

equal standard as the most important roadways in the city.

Satisfied Travellers

Toll roads are highly disputed. Politicians in

Trondheim have taken heat for introducing

tolls for car traffic a few years after an earlier

toll system was dismantled.

The largest organization for car owners

in Norway carried out a national survey

in 2013. The result: Trondheim, despite

having many toll roads and double fees in

rush hours, has the most satisfied everyday

OVERVIEW1

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THE GOLD COAST CITY

TRANSPORT STRATEGY 2031

黄金海岸城 2031 年城市交通规划策略

Mayor of Gold Coast City, Australia - Tom Tate

澳大利亚黄金海岸城市长：Tom Tate

As Mayor of the City of Gold Coast, improving our transport system is one of my

top priorities. Our natural beauty, relaxed lifestyle and ideal location make the Gold

Coast one of the most unique cities in which to live and work. Getting transport

right is essential for economic growth and to protect our Gold Coast lifestyle.

That is why, within the first year of my mayoralty, Council launched the Gold Coast City

Transport Strategy 2031. This strategy outlines what Council can do to improve the city’s

transport network. It also highlights how we will work together with the State and Federal

Governments to improve public transport, roads, and walking and cycling facilities. By

investing in public transport and getting the infrastructure priorities right, this strategy will

see locals spend less time in traffic and more time enjoying our fantastic city.

作为黄金海岸城的市长，提高城市交通系统是我工作的首要任务。我城市自然环境优美，人

们生活轻松自如，是适合人类居住和生活的最为独特的城市之一。因此，便利的交通系统是

城市经济增长以及维护城市居民生活方式的基础。

这也是为什么在我就职市长的第一年任期内，市政厅就正式开始实施《2031 年黄金海岸城城

市交通规划策略》，该策略包括了我市政厅能够为改善城市交通网络的事情，而且强调了我

们怎样与州以及联邦政府合作共同提高公共交通、道路、人行通道和自行车等设施条件与环境。

通过投资公共交通来取得基础设施建设的优先权，该策略将会为市民在交通方面花掉的时间

越来越少，从而拥有更多的时间享受这个美妙绝伦的城市。

019

020

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The Gold Coast has reached that point. We are no longer a small, regional city. We are

growing into a mature, world-class city and our transport system needs to grow and change

accordingly.

That is why, within the first year of my mayoralty, Council launched the Gold Coast City

Transport Strategy 2031. This strategy outlines what Council can do to improve the city’s

transport network. It also highlights how we will work together with the State and Federal

Governments to improve public transport, roads, and walking and cycling facilities.

We know that funding will be tight over the next few years. That is why our strategy contains

a balance of low-cost actions that get the most out of our existing infrastructure in the shortterm, and major infrastructure projects that can be delivered once funding becomes available

in the longer-term.

This strategy will make it quick and easy to get around the Gold Coast and deliver a truly

integrated transport network. It will give residents’ certainty about their transport options for

decades to come and developers the confidence to continue investing in this great city.

ABOUT THE CITY OF GOLD

COAST

Stretching along 57 kilometres of stunning

coastline, the Gold Coast is best known for

its surf, sand and sunshine, bordered by its

lush hinterland.

Our natural beauty, relaxed lifestyle and

ideal location make the Gold Coast one of

the most unique cities in which to live and

work.

The Gold Coast remains a favourite tourism

destination, attracting 12 million visitors

each year, with China now the city’s number

one tourist market.

Industries with a strong foothold now include

education, sports, film, the arts, health,

food production, IT, marine and advanced

manufacturing.

We're aiming to make our mark on the world

stage, where knowledge, innovation and

commercialisation are the key drivers for

growth.

There's no other place in the world like the

Gold Coast.

T H E G O L D C O A S T C I T Y

TRANSPORT STRATEGY

As Mayor of the City of Gold Coast,

improving our transport system is one of

my top priorities. Getting transport right is

essential for economic growth and to protect

our Gold Coast lifestyle.

I want the Gold Coast to be a connected

community, where families can live close to

work, minutes from schools and have easy

access to our incredible beaches and parks.

By investing in public transport and getting

the infrastructure priorities right, this strategy

will see locals spend less time in traffic

and more time enjoying our fantastic city. It

will help to reduce congestion and lay the

foundations for a more liveable, affordable

and prosperous city.

While the car will continue to play an

important role in the way we move around

the Gold Coast, all growing cities reach a

point where relying solely on the car is not

the best option to meet the growing transport

task.

MAYOR CHAINS

BUSES

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reduce car dependency and significantly

increase levels of walking, cycling, carpooling and public transport.

It has been a little over one year since the

launch of the Gold Coast City Transport

Strategy 2031. Improvements are already

showing with the city tackling transport

challenges, setting clear targets and rolling

out a number of programs aimed at making

it easier to move around the city now and

into the future.

PROVIDING BETTER LOCAL

PARKING MANAGEMENT

Objective:

To manage car parking in a way that

supports the economic vitality of the city and

boosts sustainable transport use.

Car parking policies strongly influence the

way cities function and evolve. Council is

responsible for regulating parking on the

Gold Coast. Currently Council are reviewing

its policy with a view to develop a more

strategic approach to parking management

and pricing. This new approach is likely to

include the use of new technology so that

car users have choices and these choices

are balanced with city-wide transport

objectives.

Over the past 50 years, the number of car

parks on the Gold Coast has significantly

increased. The Gold Coast City Transport

Strategy 2031 recognises that this is not

a sustainable long-term approach and

aims to provide a new framework that is

economically, socially and environmentally

sustainable.

Key actions for providing better local parking

management are:

This strategy provides the overarching

framework for the city’s 10-year transport

implementation plan and annual investment

programs.

I look forward to working with the residents

of the Gold Coast in the years ahead to

bring this transport vision to life. Together,

our city can create a better transport future

for the Gold Coast.

The Gold Coast City Transport Strategy

has six key themes, being:

1. Creating liveable places - To support

well-designed urban development that

reduces the need to travel and is easy to

access via frequent public transport, walking

and cycling.

2. Providing better local parking

management - To manage car parking in

a way that supports the economic vitality

of the city and boosts sustainable transport

use.

3. Delivering the next generation of public

transport - To improve the quality of the

public transport system so it provides an

attractive alternative to the car.

4. Boosting walking and cycling - To

provide a safe active transport network that

helps make walking and cycling attractive

alternatives to the car.

5 . M a x i m i s i n g r o a d a n d f r e i g h t

performance - To develop and manage

an efficient road network that meets the

city’s needs for the movement of people

and goods, and can be safely shared by all

users.

6. Changing our travel behaviour - To

CITY OF GOLD COAST TRANSPORT STRATEGY 2031

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• Develop a city-wide parking plan

• Develop local parking plans for individual areas

• Trial new parking technology

• Review parking rates along the coastal strip

• Build new park-and-rides

DELIVERING THE NEXT GENERATION

OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Objective:

To improve the quality of the public transport system so

it provides an attractive alternative to the car.

Building a strong public transport network is a key

part of Council’s plan to manage the city’s population

growth. A frequent, reliable and affordable public

transport system will serve the city by protecting its air

quality, helping maintain the health and quality of life of

its residents, and ensuring a competitive advantage for

the city as a tourist destination.

Key actions for delivering the next generation of

public transport are:

• Deliver a rapid bus network

• Reduce the cost of public transport and develop

tourist-friendly ticketing products

• Extend the light rail network across the city with

support from the private sector

• Extend the heavy rail line to Elanora and build new

stations

• Deliver flexible public transport services in areas of

low demand

Work is nearing completion on the $1.6 Billion Gold

Coast Rapid Transit project which will provide a 13.5km

light rail route between Parklands, via Southport, Main

Beach and Surfers Paradise to Broadbeach. This is

scheduled to commence operation in mid-2014.

Free Seniors Travel

Providing affordable transport options for seniors (aged

60 years and above) has been a significant focus of

the Council, to encourage more Gold Coasters to use

public transport, and to make better use of existing

services.

That is why Council has introduced a trial for free

seniors travel on buses in off-peak periods (Monday –

Friday, 8:30am – 3pm).

This has been an overwhelming success, with over

15,000 seniors now taking advantage of this initiative

and the trial also being extended to the end of August

2014.

For more information, please visit cityofgoldcoast.com.

au/freeseniorstravel

BOOSTING WALKING AND CYCLING

Objective:

To provide a safe active transport network that helps

make walking and cycling attractive alternatives to the

car.

Active transport refers to non-motorised transport that

involves physical activity, such as walking and cycling.

With close to 300 sunny days per year, 54 kilometres

of beaches and a relatively flat topography, the Gold

Coast is well-placed to become a city that values

and encourages active transport modes as healthy,

inexpensive and enjoyable ways to move around.

The Gold Coast City Transport Strategy 2031 aims to

increase the share of active transport trips from 9 per

cent in 2011 to 14 per cent in 2031. To achieve this

vision we will collaborate with other tiers of government

to deliver quality walking and cycling environments.

Substituting some car journeys, especially short trips,

for walking and cycling will improve residents’ health

and help to reduce congestion and pollution.

Planning has commenced on providing a new green

bridge into the proposed Cultural Precinct in Surfers

Paradise and numerous other improvements to walking

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10 years.

Key actions for maximising road

performance are:

• Deliver and integrated traffic management

centre

• Develop and implement a road network

master plan including a pinch points upgrade

program, turn left on red trial and removal of

inefficient transit lanes

• Build the Intra-Regional Transport Corridor

in stages from Coomera to Carrara

• Upgrade the Pacific Motorway, including

widening from Mudgeeraba to Elanora

• Upgrade Southport-Burleigh Road

C H A N G I N G O U R T R AV E L

BEHAVIOUR

Objective:

To reduce car dependency and significantly

increase levels of walking, cycling, car

pooling and public transport.

Cars dominate the way people move around

our city with 88 per cent of all trips on the

Gold Coast made by car. This dependence

on cars increases traffic congestion, affects

our air quality, and makes us less active and

healthy.

The previous response to traffic congestion

was to build more and wider roads. Wider

roads provide short-term relief, but the longterm effects are increased traffic congestion

and more cars. Council, along with the

Federal and State Governments, are now

looking toward making better use of our

existing infrastructure and finding more

sustainable ways to ease traffic congestion.

Managing travel demand and encouraging

people to change their travel behaviour – to

walk, cycle, car pool and use more public

transport – is recognised as a cost-effective

alternative to increasing road capacity. By

taking a demand-management approach to

transport on the Gold Coast, we can deliver

better environmental outcomes, improve

public health, and build a stronger and more

prosperous community.

Council have rolled out a number of

initiatives aimed at increasing walking,

cycling and public transport across the city.

For example 18 schools now participate in

the Active School Travel program which saw

a 25 per cent reduction in car travel for 2013

schools participating in the program.

Key actions for changing our travel

behaviour are:

• Expand the Active School Travel program

• Deliver a travel behaviour change program

for workplaces and introduce ‘workplace

travel plans’

• Develop a cycling economy

• Support car-sharing schemes

• Deliver a travel behaviour change program

for communities

and cycling across the city.

Key actions for boosting walking and

cycling are:

• Complete coastal pedestrian and cycle

routes

• Build green bridges in key locations

• Implement ‘community boulevards’ and

pedestrian priority zones in key locations

• Develop and implement a cycle plan for

the city

• Develop and implement a pedestrian plan

for the city

M A X I M I S I N G R O A D A N D

FREIGHT PERFORMANCE

Objective:

To develop and manage an efficient road

network that meets the city’s needs for the

movement of people and goods, and can be

safely shared by all users.

The Gold Coast’s road network connects

people to places – jobs, education,

shopping, recreation and services.

Using the road network wisely is vital to the

success of the overall transport system, and

the economic, environmental and social

wellbeing of our city.

The Gold Coast City Transport Strategy

2031 aims to improve and expand the city’s

road network in a way that maximises its

potential to connect people and places in

more sustainable ways.

Council have overseen the establishment

of an integrated traffic management centre

and are now working on the development of

a Road Network Plan for the city, which will

identify all future road projects for the next

BIKE ON TRAIN

027

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One of the key areas we have focused our

efforts environmentally speaking over recent

years is climate change. We work very hard

to give residents as much information as

possible about the impacts, consequences

and actions that can be taken to reduce our

impact on climate change.

Our residents are very enthusiastic about

our commitment to the environment.

Around two thirds (65%) feel that they can

personally help to limit the effect of climate

change and 64% of them are at least fairly

concerned about the impacts of climate

change.

Travelchoice Cycling-CAPTION-Cycling is

encouraged in Peterborough-Photo in front of the

beautiful Norman Peterborough Cathedral

Peterborough has got to be the UK’s best

kept secret. It is the fastest growing city

in the country with a vibrant private sector

delivering record job growth in recent years.

The city enjoys an unrivalled location in the

east of England. It is only 45 minutes from

central London and within striking distance

of the region’s other great cities - being well

served by airports, rail and road links.

But we believe our increasing fortunes in

recent years are because of our unerring

focus on three big priorities for our residents

– prosperity, education and quality of life.

These three big issues are at the heart

of everything we do and help us make

increasingly difficult decisions about where

to spend the money we have available to

provide services for the local area.

Our aim to create the UK’s environment

capital has a particular role to play in

this as we continue to attract more

environmental businesses to re-locate or set

up in Peterborough and as we pursue our

aspirations to become a major producer of

wind and solar energy to create additional

income for the council at a time when

government funding is rapidly declining.

Environment City

But how and when did our passion for the

environment start?

In 1992, Peterborough was designated as

one of only four UK Environment Cities.

Since then we have focused on building our

environmental credentials. In 2008 we set

ourselves the challenge of creating the UK’s

environment capital. Put simply, this means

we will change the way we do things to live

within the resources of one planet by 2050.

CLIMATE CHANGE

气候变化

Leader of Peterborough City Council, Peterborough, UK --Councillor Marco Cereste

英国彼得伯勒 市政厅领导：Marco Cereste

Peterborough has got to be the UK’s best kept secret. We believe our increasing

fortunes in recent years are because of our unerring focus on three big priorities for

our residents-prosperity, education and quality of life. A key part of improving our

residents’ quality of life is our aspiration to create the UK’s environment capital. Our

residents are very enthusiastic about our commitment to the environment，around

two thirds (65%) feel that they can personally help to limit the effect of climate change.

彼得伯勒市是英国保存最好的秘密城市。近几年，我市不断增加的财富，坚信来源于我们准

确地对关系到市民三大福祉的关注，即经济繁荣、教育体制和居民生活质量。对于提高我市

居民生活质量来说，其最重要的是为英国创造优质的生活环境。这也是我们居民对我们市正

厅做出的在环境方面的承诺充满热情的原因所在。三分之二（即百分之六十五）的居民认为

他们能够在减少国家或城市遭受全球气候变化而带来的影响方面做出力所能及的贡献。

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The idea is called collective switching

and uses the combined buying power

of residents across our community to

negotiate cheaper prices directly with

energy companies. We are running a

separate Ready to Switch scheme for small

businesses too.

Rather than switching provider and

reducing your energy bill as an individual,

householders or businesses register to

switch and save as a big group all at the

same time.

Those that tend to make the biggest savings

are those that rarely switch or have never

switched. At the end of each round an

auction is held with energy providers to

find out which one will bid the best price to

supply energy to all those households or

businesses that have registered. Then those

who took part are sent a no obligation offer

–and it’s up to them if they accept or not.

So far thousands of people have taken part

and many have saved hundreds of pounds.

More information can be found at www.

readytoswitchpeterborough.co.uk

ZECOS

Our council is also one of eleven partners

from across North West Europe (NWE)

participating in the ZECOS project:

‘ D e v e l o p m e n t a n d I n t r o d u c t i o n o f

the Communal Zero CO2e Emission

Certification System as a tool for sustainable

communities and regions.’ ZECOS aims to

develop an award system acknowledging

communities which set themselves CO2e

reduction goals that are far beyond the

regular compliance. Peterborough City

Council has chosen to work with two of our

village communities – Glint on and Peakirk –

from the Green Deal Communities Fund.

The money will be used in a wider project,

totaling £12 million, which will see up to

2,000 of Peterborough’s most “hard to

treat” properties receiving energy efficiency

improvements.

Collective switching – domestic

and commercial

We are also helping other residents and

small businesses save money on their

energy bills through our Ready to Switch

scheme.

It is one of the first local energy packages

of its type to be launched by an energy

company and a local authority. The package

has been designed to help Peterborough

residents reduce their energy bills not just

over the next 12 months, but in future years.

Residents are able to sign up with the UK’s

largest energy supplier British Gas and

benefit from a competitive tariff, reward

points that can be used to buy goods, and

free energy assessments to help people

make their homes more energy efficient.

Our council also successfully secured

almost £4 million of government money

Improving our own energy

efficiency

In 2009 our city council adopted the

challenge of reducing CO2 emissions by

35% of 2008/09 levels by 2014. By 2012/13

emissions had reduced by 15% with data for

2013/14 due shortly.

There are many measures that we are

employing in Peterborough to reduce our

impact on the environment. Since 2012 we

have been generating our own green energy

to provide power for our city. We have

installed photovoltaic panels on 12 schools,

a school swimming pool, a skills centre and

buildings on our crematorium site. We then

charge these facilities for the electricity they

use and sell any excess electricity back to

the national grid. We have also set up a

framework that other councils can buy to do

the same in their own towns and cities and

have already signed up Colchester Borough

Council.

We are committed to reducing our energy

usage and as such are working with the

global energy company Honeywell to review

all of our buildings and to find investment

that will reduce the amount of energy we

use in the long term. Some of our buildings

are already fitted with automatic lights that

are only on when people are in the room

and all computers automatically shut down

each evening to save energy costs in case

any have been accidentally left on by staff.

Peterborough Energy Package

We are also helping Peterborough residents

save money on their energy bills thanks to

a new partnership between our council and

the UK’s largest energy supplier British Gas.

TRAVELCHOICE CAR SHARE-CAPTION-CAR SHARING IS ENCOURAGED IN PETERBOROUGH TO HELP REDUCE

CONGESTION AND IMPROVE THE ENVIRONMENT FOR EVERYONE

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government funding 10 years on from the

Local Sustainable Transport Fund and has

expanded its remit to now promote electric

vehicles. Now its aims are even more wideranging -improving the quality of life and

transport opportunities for all; reducing the

city’s impact on climate change; enhancing

the safety and security of all Peterborough’s

residents and supporting the economic

development of the city.

From encouraging schools to write their

own travel plans and holding Bike to School

Weeks, walking buses and park and stride

events to Bikeability training to gain a

nationally recognised standard of cycling

proficiency we aim to encourage the next

generation to make the car a last resort

rather than their first choice.

We also work with businesses on similar

schemes and can provide them with

free men’s, ladies and electric bikes to

encourage their employees to travel to

work using cheaper, healthier and more

sustainable forms of transport.

We also organise four main events each

year - Spring Campaign, Green Festival,

Travelchoice Month and The Winter

Campaign to encourage local communities

to get involved and try out other forms of

transport. To find out more, please visit

www.travelchoice.org.uk or follow @

pcctravelchoice on Twitter.

climate change in a fun and informative way.

(PIC)

CAPTION - PUPILS FROM PETERBOROUGH

SCHOOLS TAKE PART IN OUR POWERDOWN

CAMPAIGN TO ENCOURAGE THEM TO HELP

REDUCE ENERGY USAGE

Travelchoice

Peterborough has also been at the forefront

of leading the move back to using more

sustainable forms of transport. In 2004,

we were one of 50 cities in the UK who

bid for government funding to become a

sustainable travel demonstration town. Only

three were successful – Peterborough was

one of them.

Over the next four years we received a

slice of a £10 million pot of funding to

encourage our residents to walk, cycle, use

the bus, train, or car share instead to reduce

congestion, improve their health and quality

of life and make our city a more pleasant

environment for all.

Our campaign, called Travel choice,

was so successful it continues to attract

Work with schools

Peterborough schools are responsible for

more than half our council’s emissions,

representing over 18,000tonnes of CO2

annually. We are therefore concentrating

our efforts on teaching our children about

how they can be kinder to the environment.

We feel it is particularly important our future

generations and future leaders, learn about

the impact of human activity on our world at

an early age.

To encourage our schools to switch off and

save energy we launched our ‘Powerdown’

campaign to educate our children about

energy use. Each year we organise two

fortnights of events and competitions

specifically to teach children and school staff

where energy comes from, what uses it, and

how schools can reduce their consumption.

It all culminates in a ‘Powerdown’ day where

schools are encouraged to cut energy

consumption as much as possible for one

day. Two thirds of schools have taken part

and 81 per cent of those cut their electricity

by more than 10 per cent on that day.

More than one in 10 of Peterborough schools

are taking part in the National Eco Schools

programme an international campaign

to encourage schools to become more

environmentally aware, reduce their carbon

footprint and be kinder to the environment.

Only one other local authority in the country

has signed up more schools than us

showing our commitment to green issues in

this city. The Eco Schools Programme aims

to make environmental awareness a key

part of the curriculum. It has really captured

our youngsters’ imaginations with pupils

from one school creating an award-winning

board game ‘Going Green’ that is now used

by all 76 schools to show the impact of

to investigate whether a certification system

could be applied at parish level. Our role

in the consortium is to trial the certification

process ‘on the ground,’ by combining

community engagement, visible investment

in carbon reducing technologies and

infrastructure, and developing a plan with

residents to take them to zero CO2e.

This project relies on the cooperation of

parish councils and residents in order to

effect behaviour change and investment

in renewables. The aim is to provide the

residents of Glinton and Peakirk with a

‘road map’ to zero emissions, consisting of

projects they have collectively agreed upon,

by the end of the ZECOS project. It will

then be up to residents whether or not they

take these initiatives forward and progress

towards ZECOS certification. Further

information about the ZECOS project can

be found at www.zecos.eu and the website

for the local project in Glinton and Peakirk is

www.zerocarboncommunity.co.uk

CAPTION-WALK TO WORK AND WALK

TO SCHOOL WEEK ARE JUST TWO OF

THE CAMPAIGNS IN PETERBOROUGH TO

ENCOURAGE RESIDENTS TO USE GREENER

TRANSPORT

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LATEST NEWS

星闻速递

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industrial processes were responsible

for approximately 78 per cent of the total

increase in greenhouse gas emissions

between 1970 and 2010.

Experts say reducing or eliminating harmful

fossil fuel subsidies - and properly pricing

energy to account for environmental

impacts - is one of the most promising ways

governments can promote a transition to

a greener economy, and even the playing

field for investments in energy efficiency and

renewable energy.

Subsidies to producers often support

inefficient state-owned energy companies

and stifle incentives for greater efficiencies

and innovation, while subsidies to

consumers often encourage excessive

consumption, which has knock-on effects for

Fossil fuel subsidies are contributing to fiscal

instability and undermining governments'

efforts to combat serious economic and

environmental challenges, such as climate

change, and the transition to an inclusive

green economy, according to experts.

\"Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies for an

Inclusive Green Economy\" is the theme of

the two-day event co-organized by UNEP,

IMF, GIZ and the Global Subsidies Initiative

of IISD. Sessions will focus on how fiscal

policies can address the perverse effects

of fossil fuel subsidies and strengthen

government spending for sustainable

development.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change recently reported that CO2

emissions from fossil fuel combustion and

FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES HAMPER

PATHWAY TO INCLUSIVE GREEN

ECONOMY, EXPERTS SAY

专家称：化石燃料补贴阻碍包容性绿色经济的增长

Fossil fuel subsidies are contributing to fiscal instability and undermining governments'

efforts to combat serious economic and environmental challenges. Experts say reducing

or eliminating harmful fossil fuel subsidies is one of the most promising ways governments

can promote a transition to a greener economy, and even the playing field for investments in

energy efficiency and renewable energy.

化石燃料补贴会导致财政不稳定，并会削弱政府面临环境、经济挑战时的决心。专家称，减

少或者取消对不利于环境的部分化石燃料的补贴是政府向绿色经济转型的最可靠的方式，并

将努力放在对能效和可再生能源的投资上。

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Several countries, including Ghana, Namibia, the Philippines and Turkey, have all shown

that it is possible to reform energy subsidies and prices. UNEP is currently undertaking

green economy fiscal policy studies in several countries, including Ghana, Kenya and

Mauritius, which will inform the respective governments as they advance their fiscal policy

reforms.

Experts are calling on governments to use government policies to leverage private

investment in green sectors by redirecting public investments to clean technologies and

providing direct public expenditure for research and development. For example, tax

incentives could make investments in clean technologies more attractive, while government

funds could reduce the risk profile of capital intensive new technologies.

In addition, experts acknowledge that, in some cases, eliminating these subsidies could

have ramifications on the poor or weaken the competitiveness of domestic industries.

Therefore, they said, social protection measures are needed to ensure vulnerable groups

are not overlooked and receive assistance during a transition period.

Source:

http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2787&ArticleID=10837&l=en#sthash.

XOtxB63K.dpuf

037

038

renewable energy industry were $88 billion

in 2011.

\"Fiscal policies are of particular importance

in a green economy transition. Confronted

by a fiscally constrained world, government

reforms might appear to be a daunting

challenge,\" said UN Under-SecretaryGeneral and UNEP Executive Director

Achim Steiner.

\"However, it is important to note that fossil

fuel subsidies cost countries precious

funds. For example, they divert government

resources from pro-poor spending in Africa,

where governments spend an estimated

3 per cent of GDP - equivalent to their

total health care allocation - on fossil fuel

subsidies,\" he added.

pollution, human health and greenhouse gas

emissions.

Globally, fossil fuel subsidies are estimated

to be in the range of US$500 billion. When

taking into account implicit subsidies from

the failure to charge for pollution, climate

change and other externalities, the IMF

estimates the post-tax subsidy figure is

closer to $2 trillion worldwide - equivalent to

about 2.9 per cent of global GDP, or 8.5 per

cent of government revenues. Furthermore,

it finds the removal of such subsidies

could lead to a 13 per cent decline in CO2

emissions.

In comparison, according to the International

Energy Agency, global subsidies to the

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040

Ministers and leaders of business, finance and civil society organizations gathered for a

special two-day meeting to explore a range of concrete proposals for action on climate

change, ahead of the unprecedented Secretary-General's Climate Summit slated to take

place on 23 September 2014.

The \"Abu Dhabi Ascent\" meeting, which runs 4-5 May in the United Arab Emirates, is

intended to encourage announcements of greater commitment from world leaders at the

September Climate Summit.

Taking place the day before the General Assembly is set to begin the high-level week of its

69th session, the Climate Summit is one of the most prominent-level meetings ever to take

place on a specific environmental issue.

Among topics discussed at the Ascent meeting in Abu Dhabi were energy and short-lived

climate pollutants; agriculture; adaptation, resilience and disaster risk reduction; and climate

finance and economic drivers, among others.

Speakers include Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, former United Kingdom Prime Minister

Tony Blair and UN Under-Secretary-General and UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner.

AHEAD OF SGS CLIMATE SUMMIT, LEADERS

GATHER IN ABU DHABI TO DISCUSS CONCRETE

MEASURES AND COMMITMENTS

联合国气候峰会前，全球领袖聚集阿布扎比商讨具体措施

Ministers and leaders of business, finance and civil society organizations gathered for a

special two-day meeting to explore a range of concrete proposals for action on climate

change. A high-level two-day meeting will help leaders from across governments, business

and civil society prepare to take action at the UN Secretary-General's Climate Summit in

September.

近日，全球一些部长、商业领袖、金融、民间组织代表相聚商讨如何应对气候变化。这个高

规格的两天会议将为来自全球各行各业的领袖，提供商谈如何在 9 月份的联合国气候峰会上

就气候变化达成积极协议的机会。

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042

wealth managers and private individuals had

invested in wind and solar projects than ever

before.

Experts say that these types of concrete

investments by business and civil society

will be critical to reducing the impacts of

climate change and bringing about a truly

inclusive green economy. They are also the

kinds of commitments that will be sought

when the world gathers in September at the

Secretary-General's landmark Summit.

In addition to speaking on climate finance

and economic drivers, Mr. Steiner joined

Gregory Barker, Minister of State for Energy

and Climate Change of the United Kingdom,

Bahijjahtu Abubkar, Co-Chair of the Climate

and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) and National

Coordinator of Nigeria's Renewable Energy

Programme, among others, in addressing

the topic of energy and short-lived climate

pollutants.

More on energy and short-lived climate

pollutants in the context of the Ascent

meeting can be found here.

Source:

-http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?D

ocumentID=2787&ArticleID=10842&l=en#stha

sh.SQyIbLwK.dpuf

Nations Collaborative Programme on

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation

and Forest Degradation in Developing

Countries) programme has already shown

that tremendous results can be reaped by

investing relatively small amounts of capital

in this green economy strategy.

A recent UNEP report revealed that an

investment of just USD 30 billion per year -

under seven per cent of the USD 480 billion

paid in annual global fossil fuel subsidies - in

the REDD+ forest conservation initiative can

accelerate the global transition to green and

sustainable growth and ensure the long-term

wellbeing of tens of millions in developing

countries.

Mr. Steiner said that such innovative

programmes can be drivers of economic

growth and can accelerate the global

transition to an inclusive green economy.

While governments still need to raise the

USD 100 billion per year needed by 2020 to

finance agreements under the UN's climate

change convention, research shows that

insurance companies and investment funds

in the OECD alone had over Euros 70 trillion

under management in 2011.

Moreover, an increasing percentage of those

funds are now being spent on renewable

energy, according to another report newly

released by UNEP, the Frankfurt SchoolUNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate &

Sustainable Energy Finance, and Bloomberg

New Energy Finance.

Global Trends in Renewable Energy

Investment 2014 - a benchmark annual

report for investments in renewables - found

that, in 2013, more long-term investors such

as pension funds, insurance companies,

Change recently issued two reports (Climate

Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and

Vulnerability, from its Working Group II, and

Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate

Change, from its Working Group III) that

further detail the impacts of climate change,

future threats from climate disruption, and

opportunities for risk mitigation.

Despite the urgent need for action, however,

Mr. Steiner noted that commitments must

be taken in a way that drives higher levels

of efficiency across economies, cities,

companies and communities, in order to

decouple the positive aspects of growth from

the negative impacts they have historically

had on the Earth's climate.

In this vein, UNEP is presenting concrete

s c i e n c e - b a s e d p o l i c y a d v i c e a n d

strategies to decelerate climate change

and its impacts, including through forest

conservation - a topic singled out by the

Secretary-General as a major focus area for

the September Climate Summit.

In this regard, the UN-REDD (United

\"The Abu Dhabi Ascent is an essential step

in the preparations for the Climate Summit,

and aims to raise the level of global ambition

on climate change and catalyze concrete

climate action on the ground to reduce

emissions and strengthen resilience,\" said

Mr. Ban, in a statement prior to the meeting.

\"The meeting will be critical to this effort,

as the only time before the Summit where

governments, private sector and civil society

will have the opportunity to come together,

and strengthen and expand these multistakeholder efforts towards significant and

robust outcomes that can be announced at

the Summit,\" he added.

Speaking alongside World Bank Group Vice

President and Special Envoy on Climate

Change Rachel Kyte on the topic of climate

finance and economic drivers, UNEP

Executive Director Achim Steiner stressed

the need for prompt action to reduce the

rapidly accelerating - and often devastating -

impacts of climate change.

According to UNEP's Emissions Gap Report

2013, humanity's chance of remaining

on the least-cost path to achieving global

climate targets this century will narrow

rapidly should the global community not

immediately embark upon wide-ranging

actions such as the ones to be discussed at

the September Climate Summit.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

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GREEN FOOTPRINT

绿色足迹

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043

044

RUSSIAN-AMERICAN COLLABORATION

CARRIES ON IN KEY ARCTIC ECOSYSTEM

俄美两国在北极主要生态系统内展开合作

By Joel Berger

作者： Joel Berger

Large parts of the Arctic are experiencing rapid warming, with sea ice disappearing.

Russian and American scientists, as well as the people of Alaska and Russia’s Chukotka

Autonomous Region, are collaborating on research and citizen science to study wildlife and

climate change on both sides of the Bering Sea.

北极地区受气候变暖影响严重，很多冰层都在消失。目前，俄罗斯和美国方面都准备对此采

取措施，两国的科学家以及阿拉斯加和 Chukotka 自治区的民众都准备开展科研合作，来研

究白令海峡一带的野生动物和气候变化。

unfamiliar one here.

Today, the winds blow, and it’s near whiteout

conditions. I admire the tenacity of my

coworkers. With little modern technology

and minimal aerial support, they persevere.

Yesterday, the temperature returned to

winter with the mercury at -15 degrees

F. Soon, we’ll shift camps and travel 50

miles to an unheated cabin. My Russian

colleagues endure these hardships for one

reason — to better understand Wrangel’s

animals, their movements, and the island’s

ecology.

I’ve come to Wrangel Island to join them in

this research, my chief goal being to help my

fellow scientists learn how to use cameras to

measure the dimensions of muskoxen from

afar. I’ve also come to improve scientific

cooperation between Russia and the United

States in Beringia, that area of northwestern

Alaska and extreme northeastern Russia

where two countries — and continents —

are divided by the Bering Sea. No region in

the world has been more affected by climate

change than the Arctic, and I am hopeful

that the data we gather on muskoxen

This article is originally appeared on e360.

yale.edu：http://e360.yale.edu/digest/

russian-american_collaboration_carries_on_

in_key_arctic_ecosystem/4137/

In early spring on Russia’s Wrangel Island,

dawn comes at 3:45 and the sky is light

for 16 hours a day. My Russian colleagues

and I make good progress sampling more

than 20 herds of muskoxen, gathering

valuable data. Yesterday, while hiking in the

mountains, we again crossed polar bear

tracks. As winter sea ice recedes around this

Arctic island, I wonder if the bears will soon

be adding muskoxen to their diet, instead of

their usual fare of seals.

The contrasts between doing field research

in Russia and Alaska are sharp, and

nowhere more so than in the realm of safety.

Here, there are no seat belts on helicopters,

no shovels brought on snowmobiles (in the

event we become stuck), no spare tent,

bivy sack, or sleeping bag for emergencies.

Rarely do our communications work. The

adage I know so well — there are old

biologists and there are bold biologists, but

there are no old, bold biologists — is an

Joel Berger of the Wildlife Conservation Society is blogging from the Arctic for Yale Environment 360.

This is the third blog post in a series.

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The good news is that on both the Russian and the American sides of Beringia there

are opportunities. The Shared Beringia Heritage Program enlists Russian and American

scientists, as well as the people of Alaska and Russia’s Chukotka Autonomous Region, to

collaborate on research and citizen science to study wildlife and climate change on both

sides of the Bering Sea.

This is the third of three blog posts from the field by conservation biologist Joel Berger, who

is a senior scientist with the Wildlife Conservation Society and the John J. Craighead Chair

in Wildlife Biology at the University of Montana.

No significant climate change studies have

been carried out on Wrangel Island. Dr.

Alexander Gruzdev, the director of the

Wrangel Island Nature Reserve, told me

that he has observed no major shifts in the

denning chronology of the island’s many

polar bears. But large parts of the Siberian

Arctic are experiencing rapid warming, with

sea ice disappearing (as it is throughout

the Arctic) and northern Siberia’s kettlelike lakes draining as permafrost thaws and

cracks.

Scientists and staff members load a Russian MI-8

helicopter on Wrangel Island.

Five hundred miles to the southeast, across

the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Strait, more

than 50 muskoxen died suddenly in 2011

from being inundated by frozen slush fueled

by 60 mile-per-hour winds while feeding in

an inlet near Shishmaref, Alaska. Also on the

Alaskan side of Beringia, the shorter snowfree season and warming temperatures

are already making it tougher for my native

American guides to use their snowmobiles

to travel frozen rivers and shores in the

pursuit of caribou, which are vital to their

villages’ food supplies.

and other wildlife on Wrangel Island will

help science better understand how rapid

warming is impacting the Russian and

Northern American Arctic.

A polar bear and her cubs feast on the remains of

a muskoxen on Wrangel Island.

As the wind howls outside our cabin, I show

a PowerPoint presentation to some of the

Russian staff and everyone crowds my little

computer screen. I focus on how and why

we do scientific studies, my words translated

by my Russian-American translator, Lizza

Protas. I explain why publishing is important,

so that all the time and money that go into

research can be used to benefit others and

the generations that come after us.

I have worked for years in Arctic Alaska,

and one reason I came to Wrangel Island

— 300 miles above the Arctic Circle — was

to see how rapidly warming is occuring

here and what kind of data exists. I was

delighted to learn that a meteorological

station has been operating continuously on

Wrangel since 1926. My Russian colleagues

gave me digital copies of their weather

records, and my U.S. colleagues and I

will study this important data to compare

temperature trends on Wrangel with data

from northwestern Alaska.

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CANADIAN FIRM INNOVATES

CONCRETE PRODUCTION

WITH CARBON CAPTURE

加拿大公司通过碳捕捉技术创新生产水泥

By Elga Reyes

作者：Elga Reyes

By sequestering carbon dioxide into the manufacture of concrete blocks, CarbonCure

Technologies has developed a new way to reduce carbon emissions, which can also

potentially revolutionise the building industry. The patent-pending technology takes carbon

dioxide waste, such as those from large emitters like refineries and fertilizer plants, and

mixes it into the concrete during the production phase. The chemical reaction that happens

is a reversal of the process used to make cement.

通过将二氧化碳注入到生产水泥的模具中，CarbonCure 技术公司已经研发出了一种新的方

式来减少碳排放，同时还能变革建筑行业。这个专利技术的原理是，在生产水泥过程中，将

诸如炼化厂、化肥厂中排放的二氧化碳注入其中，他们所产生的化学反应将颠覆之前的水泥

生产过程。

The firm, which started to attract attention in

2012, uses the concept of carbon capture

and storage (CCS) in its CarbonCure

system. The patent-pending technology

takes carbon dioxide waste, such as

those from large emitters like refineries

and fertilizer plants, and mixes it into the

concrete during the production phase. The

chemical reaction that happens, the firm

explains, is a reversal of the process used to

make cement, a key ingredient in concrete.

Cement represents about five per cent

of anthropogenic global carbon dioxide

emissions, according to a 2009 report by the

International Energy Agency (IEA).

Carbon dioxide, along with other greenhouse

gases, is a contributor to global warming,

but one company has found a way to use

it in concrete production such that it now

contributes to carbon reduction instead.

CarbonCure Technologies, a clean-tech

company based in Halifax Nova Scotia in

Canada, has devised a way to inject carbon

dioxide into the production of concrete

blocks. According to the firm, this not only

helps cement and concrete manufacturers to

create a significantly green building material,

but it also addresses the wider concern of

global emissions reduction.

Robert Niven, founder of CarbonCure Technologies, a firm that is able to capture carbon into concrete

blocks, plans to eventually bring his clean-tech solution to Brazil, Russia, India and China to start

transforming the global building industry. Image: CarbonCure Technologies, via Daily Business Buzz

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However, the biggest advantage of the

technology, the company points out, is that

“100,000 grey blocks absorb the same

amount of CO2 as 92 full grown trees will

absorb in a year”. They added that more

carbon dioxide is captured than is emitted

during the manufacture and transport

of these CarbonCure blocks, reducing

emissions by up to 20 per cent.

Carbon capture and storage, also referred

to as carbon sequestration, was highlighted

in the latest Working Group III report of

the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC), which focused on climate

change mitigation across different emissions

scenarios. CCS was mentioned alongside

the need to increase deployment of

renewable energy and bioenergy.

Niven said the amount of emissions

reduction per building may vary depending

on the quantity of blocks used, but the

potential is there as three billion blocks are

produced annually in North America alone.

In addition, “the North American market

for concrete blocks and bricks is projected

to increase to 4.3 billion units per year by

2014,” Hilal El-Hassan and Yixin Shao noted

in their study on “Carbon Storage through

Concrete Block Carbonation Curing”.

But beyond this region, he has plans to enter

the BRIC markets: Brazil, Russia, India and

China. The company’s goal is to eventually

have every concrete block and building in

the world made with their technology, he

said.

Source:

http://www.eco-business.com/news/canadianfirm-innovates-concrete-production-carboncapture/

“If you look at concrete, cement starts off as CaCO3 [or solid limestone], it’s heated in

cement kilns, and this releases one molecule of CO2 for every molecule of lime. We’re

reversing that reaction – we’re providing a supplementary curing reaction,” said Robert

Niven, founder of CarbonCure Technologies in a recent report by environmental website

TreeHugger.

As a result, concrete manufacturers that have been retrofitted with this technology are

able to produce concrete blocks that are stronger, cheaper and green, said Niven to The

Financial Post. “It’s that triple-win that makes it really attractive to producers,” he added.

The firms are also able to manufacture the construction material using less energy,

while those in the building industry who opt to use it can receive credits in green building

certification programs like LEED, note CarbonCure.

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local businesses in Sub-Saharan Africa. This

is the first time the organisation is venturing

in impact investment or businesses that

generate social impact rather than financial

profits, they said in a statement.

Little Sun’s business model was rigourously

evaluated for its viability, including the

environmental and social benefits it could

provide to society, the charity group said.

It also emphasised on the costs of the

lamps, which is priced as the most

affordable among other portable solar lamp

products, while still giving profit margins for

local entrepreneurs who will sell the lighting

devices in their communities.

Bloomberg Philanthropies, the foundation

of billionaire businessman and former

New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg,

announced on Tuesday a US$5 million

investment to finance the expansion of

cheap and clean energy in Africa, through

artistically-designed solar powered LED

lamps.

Little Sun, a Europe-based social enterprise

launched in 2012, produces hip and handy

solar lamps designed by the company’s

founders, artist Olafur Eliasson and engineer

Frederik Ottesen.

The United States-based foundation will

provide a low interest rate loan to help Little

Sun sell more lamps to homes, schools and

Little Sun, an innovative, portable solar-powered lamp has expanded in seven countries in Africa,

providing additional income for local entrepreneurs. Image: Michael Tsegaye/ Little Sun

BLOOMBERG INVESTS US$5

MILLION TO BOOST CHEAP

SOLAR LAMPS IN AFRICA

布隆伯格投资 500 万美元促进廉价太阳能灯在非洲地区的使用

By Medilyn Manibo

作者：Medilyn Manibo

Former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg’s foundation provides financing for Little

Sun, creators of the hip and handy solar powered LED lamps that will help provide clean

energy access in Africa. The United States-based foundation will provide a low interest rate

loan to help Little Sun sell more lamps to homes, schools and local businesses in SubSaharan Africa.

纽约市前市长迈克尔·布隆伯格的基金会为 Little Sun 公司提供融资，该公司生产的 LED 太

阳能灯将为非洲地区提供清洁能源。迈克尔·布隆伯格基金会位于美国，将为 Little Sun 提

供低息贷款来保证其为非洲的家庭、学校、当地企业出售更多的太阳能灯。

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product in seven countries in the region,

including Zimbabwe, Uganda, Kenya,

Burundi, Senegal, Ethiopia, and South

Africa.

The lamps have also been selling in

European Union countries, the United

States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and

Japan, as well as in museums and other art

institutions that are in partnership with the

company.

Source:

http://www.eco-business.com/news/bloomberginvests-us5-million-boost-cheap-solar-lampsafrica/

over three years compared to what they

would have spent on kerosene to light

traditional lamps. Kerosene is a petroleumbased fuel that is known to pollute the air

with thick black smoke, when lamps are lit.

“Too many families are forced to breathe

in toxic kerosene fumes because they

don’t have access to electricity,” said the

founder and former mayor Bloomberg.

“Solar-powered lights can improve their

health - and at the same time, protect our

environment - by keeping pollutants out of

the air they breathe,” he explained.

Little Sun has already rolled out its lighting

electricity grids, the report stated.

“We consider access to clean, safe and

sustainable energy a fundamental human

right,” noted Hallwachs.

The two-year old social start-up said its

product lasts for two to three years before

it requires a battery replacement. The Litte

Sun lamp uses regular rechargeable AAA

batteries and produces 10 hours of soft light

when charged for five hours under the sun.

The philanthropic organisation also noted

how the product can help households save

up to 90 per cent of their usual expenses

Felix Hallwachs, the company’s managing

director and CEO, stressed that the social

business of solar lamps aims to address the

electricity problems in developing countries,

particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where

seven out of ten people still lack access to

even the most basic electricity connection.

The off-grid lighting market in Africa has

grown from 300,000 lighting products in

2009 to about 4.4 million units sold by the

end of 2012, according a market report by

World Bank’s finance arm, the International

Finance Corporation. This is equivalent to

almost 20 million Africans having access to

lighting, despite the lack of connection to

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DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长 MODEL CITY · 典 范 城 市

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RESILIENT URBAN FUTURES

富有弹性的城市未来

With 87% of New Zealanders now living in cities and towns, planning for urban resilience is

needed more than ever. The resilience of cities in response to natural disasters and longterm climate change is something that policymakers are starting to pay attention to. A

key issue in particular is how to understand the interconnectedness of urban and natural

systems.

87% 的新西兰民众居住在城镇中，如何让城市变得更有弹性，这比任何时刻都显得有必要。

比如城市应急自然灾难的机制、如何应对气候变化，这都是对城市的考验。其中的关键问题

就是怎样理解城市发展与自然体系之间的关联。

Centre Director Professor Philippa HowdenChapman says the research will deliver a

comprehensive framework for considering

urban futures in New Zealand: “One that

accounts for cities as complex systems –

emphasising for example the links between

housing and transport, and urban form

and water – and which is informed by case

studies, to enable government, developers

and Māori to have a clear idea of the broad

future consequences of different urban

investment decisions.”

Integrated Land Use-TransportEnvironment model

The programme has nine research strands.

Among them is WILUTE, a project to

create a Wellington Integrated Land UseTransport-Environment model that can be

used to consider different policy scenarios

and assess resilience. Lead researcher

Dr Pengjun Zhao says a model based on

Wellington is useful in illustrating climate

mitigation and resilience policies for other

medium-sized coastal cities in New Zealand

and in other countries.

Resilient Urban Futures researchers: Philippa

Howden-Chapman, Anaru Waa, Michael Keall,

Pengjun Zhao

With 87% of New Zealanders now living

in cities and towns, planning for urban

resilience is needed more than ever.

What development path should New

Zealand’s cities take to ensure maximum

environmental, economic, social and cultural

benefits can be gained?

It’s a crucial question that is being seriously

addressed by multi-disciplinary researchers

brought together through the University

of Otago Wellington-led Resilient Urban

Futures programme.

The project research team, headed by the

New Zealand Centre for Sustainable Cities,

links five universities (Otago, Victoria,

Auckland, Massey and Canterbury), NIWA,

the Ecologic Foundation, Motu Economic

and Public Policy Research and the Waitī

and Aria research institutes, with end users

from 14 local councils, central government,

Māori organisations, developers and

community groups. The team is advised by

a strong national and international advisory

group.

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examine the effect of a combination of structural and informational strategies on cycling

and walking. We’re also looking at Masterton and Whanganui – both of which share many

of the characteristics of the intervention cities, but without the additional targeted central

government funding – to establish whether changes in Hastings and New Plymouth are due

to the intervention programmes or part of a wider trend.

“Such programmes have rarely been robustly estimated using quasi-experimental designs

in the past, so this study will make an important contribution to knowledge in this important

area internationally as well as nationally. We will look at the wider public health perspective

of this intervention, including potential changes in road injury rates.”

Māori involvement in urban planning and development

A further strand in the Resilient Urban Futures programme – Tāone Tupu Ora – recognises

that increasing meaningful Māori participation in creating urban futures will significantly

contribute to making New Zealand cities more resilient, liveable and competitive.

“A resilient city reduces its ecological

footprint while at the same time improving its

residents’ quality of life. What we are doing

with WILUTE is creating an urban model

that can be used to evaluate city resilience

outcomes under different policy and

environmental scenarios,” Pengjun explains.

The model looks at three aspects of

resilience: a city’s capacity to reduce

energy and greenhouse gas emissions,

particularly from transportation changes;

the vulnerability of a city’s land use and

transport system to sea-level rise; and

costs related to reducing vulnerability to

a safe level with a consideration of the

city’s financial capacity. In a nutshell, if the

vulnerability and the costs are too high for its

financial capacity, the city has low resilience.

Active travel – cycling and walking

ACTIVE is another research strand,

and stands for Activating Communities

to Improve Vitality and Equity. Led by

UOW researcher Dr Michael Keall in

collaboration with Victoria, Massey and

Auckland University researchers, the study

is examining whether walking and cycling,

as well as attitudes and perceptions, have

changed in Hastings and New Plymouth,

where NZTA funded the Model Communities

Programme to increase walking and cycling.

The programmes – iWay in Hastings and

Let’s Go in New Plymouth – included

infrastructural changes such as improved

walkways and cycle lanes, and information

and education campaigns.

Keall says the question is: how do we

effectively increase active travel in a

sustainable (cost-effective) manner?

“ACTIVE is a unique opportunity to

“It’s vital to build resilient urban futures for

coastal cities – they play such a crucial role

in human, social and economic development

in the world, and they are more vulnerable

to sea-level rise and other natural disasters,”

Pengjun says. “Most global cities, such as

London, New York, Sydney, Amsterdam,

Tokyo, Hong Kong and Shanghai, are

coastal.”

The resilience of cities in response to natural

disasters and long-term climate change is

something that policymakers are starting

to pay attention to, Pengjun says. A key

issue in particular is how to understand the

interconnectedness of urban and natural

systems.

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there is a growing recognition of traditional

indigenous knowledge as both a part of the

city’s real history, and a knowledge asset in

preparing for its future.

The New Zealand Centre for Sustainable

Cities is running the Resilient Urban Futures

Programme, thanks to a 4-year grant from

the Ministry of Business, Innovation and

Employment which began in October 2012.

Source:

http://sustainablecities.org.nz/2013/12/resilienturban-futures/

“One of the challenges is not to treat Māori

as a homogeneous group, and to recognise

the range of demographics, from Mana

Whenua who have traditionally occupied

those areas right through to migrants who

are now second and even third generation

city dwellers.”

Along with his research colleagues John

Ryks (Aria Research) and Keriata Stuart

(Waitī Consultancy), Waa notes that urban

planners are beginning to realise that the

‘Māori face of the city’ is not just decoration

or tourist attraction, but an integral part

of the city’s social capital. They strongly

believe that, alongside this realisation,

its own or auxiliary – to help recovery.

Examples could be lack of employment or

insurance, but the key is looking at how

those issues can be resolved to improve

resilience should a disaster happen.”

Post-disaster it’s about opportunities for

Māori to be involved in rebuilding and the

vision for a city, and recognising that Māori

iwi are now key economic players in the

urban economy, Waa says.

In seeking to involve Māori in urban planning

and development it’s vital to recognise the

diversity of Māori living in cities, Waa says.

UOW researcher Anaru Waa says a key

aspect of this is understanding catalysts

for the way Māori are involved in urban

development. Triggers for change include

Treaty of Waitangi settlements, central

government policy change and local

government reform and, of particular interest

to Waa, natural disasters.

“There are really good opportunities for

improved Māori participation to improve

resilience through identifying potential risks

before disasters happen. That might be

a geographical risk, but it could also be a

socio-economic risk in terms of a community

that has less access to resources – either

GREEN LIFE · 绿 色 生 活

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7 SECRETS FOR HEALTHFUL HOSPITAL

FOOD, FROM ASPARAGUS TO TOMATOES

从芦笋到番茄，为医院提供健康食品的 7 大奥秘

By Janet Howard

作者： Janet Howard

Hillary Bisnett is spearheading a regional approach that connects Michigan farmers to

hospitals in the state, and helping others to connect food systems with the environment,

climate change and public health. She is the healthy food program director for theEcology

Center. She suggests the following ways to healthful food: 1. Create a space for learning; 2.

Leverage collective capacity and define structure; 3. Further develop the strategy or focus;

4. Stay connected; 5. Track progress; 6. Identify strategic opportunities; 7. Connect to a

national strategy.

Hillary Bisnett 正打算打造一条从密歇根农场到医院的绿色食品通道，希望藉此为人们提供

环保的、有利于公众健康的食品，她是生态中心的食品分部主任。对于健康的食品，她给出

了以下建议：1. 创造学习的空间，了解健康食品；2. 了解相关的食品属性和构造；3. 明确发

展战略或者中心；4. 时刻保持关注；5. 跟进进展；6. 明确关键的机会；7. 了解国家的战略规划。

On a national level, Health Care Without

Harm’s Healthy Food in Health Care

Program was gaining traction. It held its third

FoodMed conference in Detroit 2009 just

as Bisnett began her new position with the

Ecology Center.

The Michigan Healthy Food in Health Care

Program took off and continues to work at

all levels from supporting healthier food

systems in Detroit to creating a cross-sector

institutional purchasing initiative called

Cultivate Michigan. Metro Hospital is one

of 25 Michigan hospitals that host farmer’s

markets and half of them accept food

assistance programs, such as double-value

coupons and SNAP, as forms of payment.

Understanding the health care food

landscape

H o s p i t a l s a r e a n a n c h o r i n m a n y

communities, often the largest employer.

They are huge purchasers, consisting of

18 percent of the gross domestic product

(GDP). Cafeterias and retail operations are

revenue streams for hospitals, leaving some

constraints on food service staff to fulfill the

mission, while balancing the labor and time

it takes to prepare a meal made with fresh,

minimally processed ingredients.

Hillary Bisnett grew up on a farm in

Dowagiac, Mich., that grew asparagus,

raspberries, strawberries and 16 varieties of

heirloom tomatoes. Her father tried practices

to reduce his family's pesticide exposure

and protect the water and soil. He believed

the unique flavor, especially of tomatoes

and strawberries, was a result in part of his

nearly organic farming practices.

Now, as the healthy food program director

for the Ecology Center in Ann Arbor, she

is spearheading a regional approach that

connects Michigan farmers to hospitals in

the state, and helping others to connect

food systems with the environment, climate

change and public health.

While pursuing a degree in sustainable

business at Aquinas College, Bisnett held a

2007 internship with Metro Health Hospital

in Grand Rapids, which tasked her with

starting up the hospital farmer’s market.

She gained the experience needed to land

a job at the Ecology Center, funded by WK

Kellogg Foundation and Kresge Foundation,

to make the critical link between how food

is grown and distributed and public and

environmental health.

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a space for learning, sharing and working together to get more local food to institutions, with

an aim to meet a state vision of 20 percent of Michigan foods sold and purchased by 2020

— a goal set by stakeholders in 2010.

1. Create a space for learning: The Ecology

Center and Michigan State University’s

Center for Regional Food Systems created

the Michigan Farm to Institution Network as

Both nationally and in Michigan, there are

“self-operated” food service departments

and “contract-managed” food service

departments. These food service models

have different requirements and motivators

for adopting operations for local and

sustainable food procurement. In-house

food service departments tend to have more

autonomy. Hospitals also have contracts

with group purchasing organizations, often

dictating which distributors they must buy

from.

A desire for local and sustainable foods

isn’t the only battle. Those tackling the

health care food purchasing and distribution

systems are finding that when purchasing

fruits and vegetables or even processed

foods, the ordering systems may not identify

which products are local or sustainable and

are often limited to a special order only. This

line-by-line investigation is time-consuming

and to date, is only done by leaders in

the sector — those who have a personal

passion. Making it easier to identify and

track the product is key to success.

The Michigan approach: asparagus,

blueberries, tomatoes and apples

One approach is to leverage all institutional

buyers to make local, good food available

to eaters and expand markets for food

grown, raised and processed in Michigan.

In turn, this approach, now called Cultivate

Michigan, aims to support local farms, the

state’s economy and the well-being of its

residents by helping bridge the gap between

growers and institutional purchasers.

While any region may have its own strategy

for success, here are tips from Michigan for

getting things underway at a regional level:

GREEN LIFE · 绿 色 生 活

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Health Care Without Harm’s Healthy Food

in Health Care program has regional

organizers, each with their own story to

tell in Maryland, Oregon, Philadelphia,

New England, Washington and throughout

California.

Healthier Food in Health Care covers many

bases. These include the opportunity to

reduce food miles and address the impact of

freight and trucks on climate change. Then

there's the overuse of antibiotics related to

multi drug-resistant organisms and the cost

to treat multi drug resistance.

The purpose is to model healthier behavior

in health care facilities in an age of chronic

diseases connected to diet; to nourish soil

by avoiding chemicals for fertilizer and

pest management; and to impact the local

economy positively through supporting

local agriculture and connecting growers to

consumers.

It may take some heavy lifting at first,

but it will only be a matter of time before

communities demonstrate that fiscally and

socially responsible strategies are possible.

Never underestimate the power of fruits,

vegetables and a farmer’s daughter.

Source:

http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2014/04/08/7-

steps-sustainable-food-michigan-hospital

opportunities become a reality. In Michigan,

a limiting factor from moving food from the

farm to the table has been the constant

decline of processing companies; institutions

more often than not need products minimally

processed, meaning washed or cut. The

Network will focus on executing behind-thescenes plans to align institutional demand

with business opportunities. Understanding

the logistics of expanding current processing

for frozen blueberries or asparagus or even

canning tomatoes, both of which are in high

demand by institutions, would help support

local producers.

7. Connect to a national strategy: The

Michigan strategy is only one regional

example and connects to the national

strategy at Health Care Without Harm and

the Healthier Hospitals Initiative’s Healthier

Food Challenge (HHI). The national initiative

engages hospitals through goal setting and

the use of data to drive change. The strength

in numbers brings together major health

systems to articulate the desire for local

and sustainable foods including meat raised

without the routine use of antibiotics. Other

partners have been identified to further

add to the momentum including the School

Food Focus and Real Food Challenge.

The business partners are at the table,

including contract management companies,

purchasing groups and distributors. The

stakeholder list continues to be identified to

ensure all key groups are represented.

events.

5. Track progress: Institutions can create an

account to log purchases by either their total

food budget or by major food categories

such as produce, meat and dairy. The

dashboard also offers the ability to track

the yearly promoted products and reminds

the institution of the dollar amount needed

to get to the annual goal of spending 20

percent of its food budget on Michigan

grown and/or processed food items. In

return, the campaign will know more about

the economic impact, Michigan residents

reached (or meals served) and be able to

continue to research barriers or limitations

for farm to institution programs.

6. Identify strategic opportunities: As the

first year of the campaign focuses on

understanding the total annual spend

on Michigan foods and the four product

promotions are centered on fresh produce,

six years are left until 2020 to make new

2. Leverage collective capacity and define

structure: Three subcommittees address

engagement; education and technical

assistance; and research and impacts. An

advisory committee provides stakeholder

oversight with representation from all along

the supply chain including farmer, national

distributor, regional distributor and processor

to K-12 school, health care and university.

3. Further develop the strategy or focus:

The regional strategy identified four food

items annually. Promotion materials label

and promote the four products to their

customers and eaters. This year’s focus is

on foods that Michigan is already or nearly

already a leading producer in the country —

asparagus (ranked first), blueberries (first),

tomatoes (ranked ninth for freshness) and

apples (third).

4. Stay connected and celebrate successes:

Cultivatemichigan.org provides inspiration

through spotlighting stories, news and

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DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长 OPEN DIALOGUE · 自 由 话 语

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KEYNOTE ADDRESS BY ACHIM STEINER UN

UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL AND UNEP

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AT THE GLOBAL FORUM

FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE(GFFA)

联合国副秘书长、联合国环境署执行主任 ACHIM STEINER

在全球粮农论坛上的讲话

Agriculture is the single most important sector in providing the basic necessities for human

existence and livelihoods today. In addition to producing bioenergy, it accounts for roughly

40 per cent of the world's labour force, or about 1.3 billion people. Diversifying crops and

genetic traits of crops and tailoring techniques to shifting climate conditions without harming

ecosystems can help farmers hedge against an uncertain climate.

农业是最重要的产业，因为它直接关系着的人类的生存与生活，是人类最基本的需求。除了

生物燃料产业，全球大约还有 40% 的劳动力集中在农业这一产业中，即相当于 13 亿人口。

实现农产品种植的多样化以及了解农产品的基因特性，在不影响生态系统的前提下，来减少

气候变化对农业的影响，这将提高农业的抗自然灾害能力。

Ladies and gentlemen,

By 2050, the Earth will need to feed 9 billion

people with the same amount of land, water

and natural resources.

This means that agricultural production

alone must increase by 70 per cent,

according to World Bank figures.

Agriculture already accounts for more than

two thirds of the world's freshwater use and

is a contributor to deforestation.

A 70 per cent expansion in agricultural

production cannot follow a business as

usual scenario and still be sustainable.

Healthy Ecosystems underpin sustained and

sufficient food production.

Biodiversity and ecosystems deliver crucial

services to humankind, from producing food

to mitigating extreme weather, controlling

pests, reducing the impact of disasters and

Honourable Ministers, Distinguished guests,

Colleagues, Ladies and gentlemen,

It is my pleasure to welcome you all to

UNEP's working meeting, taking place in the

context of the Global Forum for Food and

Agriculture.

The Forum has established itself in the last

six years as a pioneering platform to share

ideas and enhance political understanding

of issues related to food production, food

security, sustainable agriculture and building

resilience, and we are delighted to be part of

this event.

The overarching theme of the GFFA

is \"Empowering Agriculture: Fostering

Resilience.

Securing Food and Nutrition\", and in UNEP's

working meeting today we will highlight

the key role that ecosystem services and

biodiversity play in underpinning our food

system.

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At the same time, up to 25 per cent of the

world's food production may be lost by 2050

due to climate change, land degradation,

cropland losses, water scarcity and

infestations.

The amount lost could potentially feed up to

2.4 billion people, annually.

In order to ensure that food production

is increased to meet the demands of the

additional 2.6 billion people expected to

inhabit the planet by 2050, it is important

that food producing ecosystems are

protected and degraded ecosystems are

restored.

Example, 35 per cent of global production

from the world-leading crops depends on

pollination. This ecosystem service, valued

at USD $353.6 billion annually, is currently

under threat due to the loss of bees and

other pollinators caused by degraded

habitats.

keeping water clean and providing medicine.

Combined, these services are estimated to

be worth close to USD $72 trillion annually,

according to a soon-to-be-launched study

by UNEP, entitled: Food Wasted, Food

Lost: Improving Food Security by Restoring

Ecosystems and Reducing Food Loss.

According to the report, as much as 1.4

billion hectares of land is used to produce

the total amount of food that is lost and

wasted estimated by FAO at a staggering 1.3

billion tonnes a year.

This translates to more than 100 times

the area of tropical rainforest that is being

cleared every year (13 million hectares)of

which 80 per cent is used for agricultural

expansion.

And in doing so, we must address

fundamental questions:

'What are the values of ecosystems and

biodiversity to the agricultural sector?'

And

'How biodiversity and key ecosystem

services deliver benefits to the agriculture

sector as well as to human health,

livelihoods and well-being?

A new study by TEEB and UNEP WCMC, to

be launched in 2014, attempts to help us do

just that.

Agriculture is the single most important

sector in providing the basic necessities for

human existence and livelihoods today.

In addition to producing bioenergy and

foodstuffs, it accounts for roughly 40 per

cent of the world's labour force, or about 1.3

billion people.

If we truly wish to foster resilience of our

agricultural systems and secure a steady

supply of food for future generations, this

environmental aspect must be integrated

within the Sustainable Development

framework.

UNEP is working through the UN system

to promote a \"One UN\" vision on how to

achieve this integrated approach, and on

how to properly reflect it in the next set of

Sustainable Development Goals, post 2015.

TOWARDS AN ECOSYSTEMS

MANAGEMENT APPROACH IN

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION - LINK TO

POST 2015 AGENDA:

In the development of the post 2015 agenda,

the world will need to bear into consideration

the economic interdependencies between

agricultural production and natural

ecosystems.

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With much of the rural poor concentrated in

fragile environments and remote areas, such

smallholders are faced with high transaction

costs and limited access to materials and

resources.

This not only limits their participation in

national and global markets, but also

increases their dependency upon wellfunctioning ecosystems.

Natural capital is estimated to account for 40

to 50 per cent of what is referred to as \"GDP

of the poor\".

A profound change of the global food and

agriculture system is needed if we are to

nourish today's 925 million hungry and the

Agricultural production depends on services additional 2 billion people expected by 2050.

provided by healthy natural ecosystems ,

from supporting and regulating services (e.g.

pollination, water purification, soil retention),

to genetic resources (e.g. wild relatives of

crop and livestock can play an especially

important role in adapting production

systems to changing climatic conditions).

Biodiversity and ecosystem services should,

therefore, be highly valued for their role in

sustaining and enhancing productivity and

livelihoods.

Without healthy ecosystems, agricultural

systems may suffer if not collapse entirely.

This applies universally, regardless of

the scale or type of production systems,

or whether in developed or developing

countries.

At the same time, the interaction between

natural systems and agricultural systems

is much more profound in regions where

smallholder production systems exist.

FOOD WASTE AND FOOD LOSS

To bring about the vision of a truly sustainable world, we need a transformation in the way

we produce and consume our natural resources.

In January, last year, UNEP, FAO and partners, including Messe Düsseldorf, launched

the Think.Eat.Save: Reduce Your Foodprint campaign, in support of FAO's SAVE FOOD

Initiative and the UN Secretary General's Zero Hunger Initiatives.

The global food system has profound implications for the environment, and producing more

food than is consumed only exacerbates the pressures.

Worldwide, about one-third of all food produced, worth around US$1 trillion, gets lost or

wasted in food production and consumption systems.

Food loss occurs mostly at the production stages harvesting, processing and distribution

while food waste typically takes place at the retailer and consumer end of the food-supply

chain.

In industrialized regions, almost half of the total food squandered, around 300 million tonnes

annually, occurs because producers, retailers and consumers discard food that is still fit for

consumption.

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Increasing the organic content of the soil

through conservation tillage can increase its

water holding capacity and resilience while

reducing erosion.

Reducing the use of nitrous oxide fertilizers

and cutting the amount of methane released

in rice cultivation can also lower greenhouse

gas emissions.

Diversifying crops and genetic traits of crops

and tailoring techniques to shifting climate

conditions without harming ecosystems can

help farmers hedge against an uncertain

climate.

These farming methods are paying off in

countries like Zambia, where farmers using

conservation agriculture have seen maize

yields double and cotton yields increase

60 percent compared to fields where

conventional plowing was used.

Source:

http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?Do

cumentID=2760&ArticleID=10692&l=en#sthash.

U5reAmIA.dpuf

CONCLUSION

Recognizing that agriculture, water, land,

forests, food production and consumption

are all connected, the answer to providing

food security while maintaining ecosystems

lies in pursuing a holistic approach that

incorporates climate-smart agriculture and a

landscape approach.

A landscape approach means managing the

land, water, and forest resources necessary

to meet an area's food security needs and

promoting inclusive green growth as one

integrated system.

In Rwanda, for example, a landscape

approach supported by the World Bank and

the Global Agriculture and Food Security

Program (GAFSP) has included terracing

on the steep hillsides, downstream reservoir

protection, water harvesting through dams

and reservoirs, and hillside irrigation.

The approach works with the water and

land as one system and has resulted in

increasing the yields of smallholder farmers.

A new initiative was launched by UNEP,

IFAD, FAO and partners to streamline and

encourage international collaboration in

areas related to the integrated management

of rural landscapes for food production,

ecosystem conservation, and sustainable

livelihoods.

Climate-smart agriculture practices tackle

both pressures by increasing resilience and

lowering emissions.

They include activities that sequester carbon

in the soil, which also improves soil fertility

and can lead to higher yields.

For example:

• More than 20 per cent of all cultivated land,

30 per cent of forests and 10 per cent of

grasslands are undergoing degradation;

• Agriculture and land use changes like

deforestation contribute to more than 30

per cent of total global greenhouse gas

emissions;

• Globally, the agri-food system accounts

for nearly 30 per cent of end-user available

energy;

• Overfishing and poor management

contribute to declining numbers of fish,

some 30 per cent of marine fish stocks are

now considered overexploited.

This is more than the total net food

production of Sub-Saharan Africa, and

would be sufficient to feed the estimated

870 million hungry in today's world.

Wasting food makes no sense economically,

environmentally and ethically.

We must reverse this unacceptable trend to

improve lives.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Aside from the cost implications, all the

land, water, fertilizers and labour needed to

grow that food is wasted not to mention the

generation of greenhouse gas emissions

produced by food decomposing on landfill

and the transport of food that is ultimately

thrown away.

073

074

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DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长 GREEN GLOSSARY · 绿 色 词 汇

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Daylighting

Distillation

Drylands

Ecodesign

Ecocity Builders

Ecocity

Ecobags

Earth Day

A practice in urban design and urban planning, daylighting

involves redirecting a stream into an above-ground channel to

restore the flow of water to a more natural state.

A water purification process that uses heat to vaporize water and

separate it from contaminants and other undesirable elements

found in ground and surface water.

Ecosystems characterized by minimal water. Examples include

cultivated lands, scrublands, shrublands, grasslands, savannas

and semi-deserts.

Ecodesign is a movement that considers how materials, products,

architecture, engineering and processes are created in order to

protect and sustain the environment.

A non-profit organization that aims to change cities, towns and

villages for the purpose of promoting the long term health of its

inhabitants and its natural environment.

A city designed and built with careful consideration for

environmental sustainability and human health.

Short for eco-friendly bags, ecobags are a new fashion accessory

trend borne out of the environmental concern for using less plastic

shopping bags that are a major contributor to landfill dumping.

April 22 has been designated as Earth Day as a reminder to

appreciate the environment and inspire awareness for issues that

are significant to protecting and sustaining the Earth's natural

resources.

DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长 GREEN GLOSSARY · 绿 色 词 汇

DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长 BACK COVER STORY · 封 底 故 事

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BIODIVERSITY IN LOGGED FORESTS

FAR HIGHER THAN ONCE BELIEVED

被砍伐丛林中的生物多样性丰富程度超出想象

BY Fred Pearce

作者：Fred Pearce

New research shows that scientists have significantly overestimated the damage that

logging in tropical forests has done to biodiversity, a finding that could change the way

conservationists think about how best to preserve species in areas disturbed by humans. A

lot of the 36 million hectares — an area larger than Germany — that has been designated

as “degraded” in Indonesia is precisely the kind of logged forest that could be almost as rich

in species as natural forests.

最新研究表明，科学家已经错估了砍伐对热带森林的影响，其实这一行为对保护当地生物多

样性并没有那么严重的影响，而保护学家的这一观点有望改变人们对该地区生物多样性的保

护行为。在印尼，有超过 3600 万公顷（这比德国国土面积还大）的森林面积有人类足迹，他

们被认为已经遭到破坏，但实际上，其所包含的生物多样性的丰富程度与纯天然的森林基本

无差。

DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长 BACK COVER STORY · 封 底 故 事

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all the differences in species that they find are the result of logging. But this is rarely true.

All bits of forest, even close neighbors, are different — often dramatically so. The simple

statistical comparisons pick up the pre-existing natural differences as well as the effects of

logging. Typically, these flawed analyses have produced figures for the damage caused to

forests by logging that are higher than the reality.

to tease out the effect of some impact.

In this case, it means that ecologists

comparing logged forests with nearby

unlogged forests have usually assumed that

This article is originally appeared on e360.

yale.edu：http://e360.yale.edu/content/

feature.msp?id=2625

Researchers have discovered a significant

flaw in large swaths of ecological research

into the impact of logging on tropical

forests: Scientists have been dramatically

overestimating the damage done by loggers,

skewing conservation strategies paid for by

the donations of millions of environmentally

minded citizens.

Logged tropical forests, new research

suggests, are much more valuable for

biodiversity than previously thought.

Our understandable preoccupation with

protecting pristine ecosystems may be

blinding us to the fact that the forests that

have been selectively logged deserve

conservation, too. One immediate and

troubling implication is that schemes backed

by conservationists in Indonesia and

elsewhere to turn “degraded” forests into

palm oil plantations will do far more damage

to nature’s biodiversity than the original

logging.

“Logged forests in the tropics are too vast,

vulnerable, and important to ignore, given

their large conservation potential,” says

William Laurance of James Cook University

in Cairns, Australia, who did not participate

in the research but backs the importance of

the new findings. “It is vital that we recognize

their key role for conserving tropical nature.”

The research, published in January in the

journal Conservation Biology, finds that at

least two-thirds of scientific studies into the

impact of logging on forests are guilty of

“pseudo-replication.” Horrible word, but it

describes a statistical trap that researchers

often fall into when comparing sets of data

DIALOGUE TO GLOBAL MAYORS 对话全球市长 BACK COVER STORY · 封 底 故 事

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being razed for agriculture. Most logging is

selective, with only the most commercially

valuable species cut. Other trees may be

damaged by the bulldozers and heavy

equipment used to construct roads and

remove the timber, but most survive, along

with the wildlife that depend on them.

Many forests become permanent timber

estates that are repeatedly logged.In a

recent paper in Science, Edwards and

Laurance estimate that more than 400

million hectares of tropical forests — an

area half the size of the contiguous United

States — are now part of such estates.

Most surviving forests in Southeast Asia

have been logged at least once. “Few truly

undisturbed forests exist,” they wrote.

Despite their growing importance, logged

forests have traditionally been shunned

of the 53 dung-beetle species survived at

18 sampling sites across a large logging

concession covering a million hectares,

despite the entire concession being logged

over twice.

Sayer goes even further. He says that in

Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo,

“biodiversity in logged-over concessions is in

better condition than many of the protected

areas.” In the concession areas, farmers are

kept out, whereas most protected areas are

essentially abandoned by the authorities and

thus open to invasion. In the Congo basin of

Africa, he says, “the intensity of logging is

so low that only an expert can really tell the

difference between forests in concessions

and those in protected areas.”

There is little clear-cutting by loggers

in the tropics, except where forests are

A rethink will be required. Most existing

research on the ecological effects of

logging “cannot be trusted,” the authors

say, adding, “The problem is so pervasive

that the severity and precise nature of the

bias cannot be reliably calculated.” But they

conclude that it means “the effects of logging

have been exaggerated and... the current

body of literature provides little indication of

the true nature of [logging] effects.”

These startling conclusions are supported

by forest ecologists who are highly critical

of runaway logging, such as Laurance and

Jeffrey Sayer of the International Union for

the Conservation of Nature.

They also back up research in Sabah on

the island of Borneo, by David Edwards

of James Cook University in Australia.

Reporting in theProceeding of the Royal

Society B in 2010, he found that even after

repeated logging, forests there typically

retain 75 percent of their biodiversity.

Edwards’ study concentrated on birds and

dung beetles as representative of overall

biodiversity. More than two-thirds of the

179 bird species and a similar proportion

The analysis covered 77 studies over

the past decade, investigating everything

from the butterflies of Thailand and the

woodpeckers of Borneo to Kenyan trees,

India forest birds, the bryophytes (nonvascular plants) of the Indonesian island

of Sulawesi, Amazonian bats, lianas in

southern China, the birds of Bolivia, and the

termites of the Malaysian state of Sabah.

Of these 77 studies, 52 were guilty of

pseudoreplication, five were definitely not

guilty, and the jury was out on a further 20.

The new research is not from some

pro-logging group. The lead authors

are Benjamin Ramage, a respected

conservation ecologist from the University

of California at Berkeley, and Douglas Sheil,

a former director of the Institute of Tropical

Forest Conservation in Uganda, who is now

at the Southern Cross University in Lismore,

Australia.

Their discovery of this previously unnoticed

flaw at the heart of conservation science

is a damning indictment. It undermines the

findings of hundreds of research studies

published over many years — studies that

have underpinned a forest conservation

ethos that concentrates almost exclusively

on protecting the pristine.